Welcome to the forum.
Generally successful fault finding only comes with experience, because there can be a wide variety of possible faults and many different solutions.
To be able to cover everything in a book would be impossible.
There is the NICEIC guide to snags and solutions but it is not too advanced and limited in scope.
The best things is to know how all the parts of a circuit operate and then approach the solution step wise and logically based on the information you have about the fault.
Standard installation tests can usually be employed to narrow down the problems.
I wrote this guide, modified from a forum post answer, some time ago that addresses some common fault classes and possible methods of approaching them, it may be useful.