Electrotechnical Unit 302 :
A) A prospective earth fault current test needs to be carried out on a domestic
consumer unit which has type B circuit breakers. Some of the lighting circuits have fluorescent fittings.
1. State which instrument(s) can be used.
2. What precautions need to be taken prior to the test.
3. The minimum allowable value(s).
4. Describe the test.
(6 points)
B. Explain the terms
1. Equipotential bonding
2. Exposed conductive part
C. Draw a star-delta transformer arrangement.
1. Fully label all conductors, voltages and currents for a 25kV/400kV step-up system.
2. State two materials used for conductors in the UK generation, transmission and distribution system and why they are chosen.
Note: electro-technical level 2 and level 3 papers,
you will find quite a few questions which relate to this unit. Here are some examples
of what you may be asked (what is covered in the unit and should be known as underpinning knowledge):
_ Statutory safety regulations and safe working practices.
_ Selection of wiring systems and cable sizes
_ Be able to represent an installation using block, schematic, wiring or layout diagrams
_ Describe the generation, transmission, transformation, distribution and delivery of electricity in the UK
_ Describe single-phase and 3-phase supply types, voltages, currents and terminology
A) A prospective earth fault current test needs to be carried out on a domestic
consumer unit which has type B circuit breakers. Some of the lighting circuits have fluorescent fittings.
1. State which instrument(s) can be used.
2. What precautions need to be taken prior to the test.
3. The minimum allowable value(s).
4. Describe the test.
Answers
A) A prospective earth fault current test needs to be carried out on a domestic
consumer unit which has type B circuit breakers. Some of the lighting circuits have fluorescent fittings.
1. State which instrument(s) can be used.
2. What precautions need to be taken prior to the test.
3. The minimum allowable value(s).
4. Describe the test.
Answer:
1. PFC tester or loop tester with PFC function (as shown). The voltage range the meter will work on is from 50V to 480V, which is taken from the supply it is plugged into. It measures the current between line and neutral across an internal impedance inside the tester: PFC =
I = V/R = 230/0.5 = 460A. The meter will return a value from 0A up to ≈50kA.
The value can also be ascertained by calculation or determined by other means. ( 16th edition 713-12-01, ↔ 17th edition 612.11 )
2. This is a live test, you may be measuring live energised conductors (when using clip-on leads) so be very careful. As this is not the first live test, you will have already informed persons, put up warning signs, informed persons who could be affected by a ‘live’ test etc, but your tutor needs you to say this.
The other precautions required for a PFC test are for the person who is conducting the test to:
i) Check the condition of the test instrument and probes/leads for soundness
ii) Check test leads and probes conform to HSE GS 38
iii) Since you are working with live terminals, be careful not to touch any live part
3. To 16th edition:
Semi-enclosed (re-wire able BS 3036) SA1 = 1kA etc SA2 SA4
Cartridge fuses BS:1361 Type 1 = 16.5 kA Type 2 = 33kA
BS:88-2.1 = 50kA at 400V
BS:88-6 = 16.5kA at 230v & 80kA at 400v
BS EN 60898 MCBs (or old type MCB’s BS:3871)
M1 = 1kA / M1.5 = 1.5 kA / M2 = 2kA and so on
So, check your reading against the time current graphs for the relevant device to get an actual disconnection time.
.g. a 32A BS EN 60898 type B (BS3871 type 2) MCB has a reading of 460A, giving a
disconnection time from Appendix 3, fig.3.4 of 01.s to 5s (>160A), which is acceptable.
4. Measure the Prospective Fault Current at the origin of the supply.
Check that the test instrument, leads, probes and crocodile clips (if any) are suitable for the
purpose, and in good serviceable condition (to GS38).
Observing all precautions for safety, connect the instrument to the incoming energised
supply to measure a phase to neutral value.
Check the polarity indicator (if any) on the instrument for correct connection.
Using the PFC / Loop tester set the selector switch to PFC and the range switch to the
highest setting i.e. 2000A and test for the PFC value.
Reduce the range switch to a lower setting to obtain a more accurate value.
Measure the PSCC (Line (Phase) to Neutral) & PEFC (Line (Phase) to earth), measure at
the most remote socket and record the highest value as the PFC. Note: for 17th edition the
term ‘line’ must be used, for 16th edition, ‘phase’ is used.
Record this value in the Supply characteristics page and the Schedule of test results.
Ensure the breaking capacity of the main protective device is
capable of breaking the PFC (434-03-01 – 16th edition, 434.5.1 – 17th edition)
For 3-phase installations the PFC recorded is twice (2x) the maximum single-phase value measured.
instrument does not have a prospective fault current range, the readings given by the above
procedure are fault loop impedances (in ohms). Use a BS EN 61557-2 or BS EN 61557-3
compliant meter, which will deliver 20 to 25A for up to two cycles. To convert each of these
readings into a prospective fault current, divide them into the measured value of phase to
neutral voltage.
For example, if the voltage measured at the time of the test is 230V and the measured value
of fault loop impedance between phase and neutral at the origin is 0.05_.
Maximum prospective short-circuit = 230 / 0.05 = 4600 A (or 4.6 kA) current (line (phase) to neutral).
If Ze is known and the loop tester does not have the facility to measure earth fault current,
it can also be calculated by using the formula below:
Ipf = Uo / Ze Where Ipf = Earth Fault Current, Uo = Nominal Phase to Earth Voltage, Ze = External Earth Fault Loop Impedance
A.) If the test
LCD, display : Main status indication LED : Range switch : Test Button : PS, always remember Polarity :
B. Explain the terms
1. Equipotential bonding :
2. Exposed conductive part :
B. Explain the terms
1. Equipotential bonding
2. Exposed conductive part
1.Equipotential bonding: 16th / 17th edition: ‘Electrical connection maintaining various
exposed-conductive-parts and extraneous-conductive-parts at substantially the same potential.’
This involves joining together metalwork that is or may be earthed so that it is at the same
potential to prevent shock from between those pieces of metal as the earth system handles a fault.
2. Exposed conductive part: ** 16th edition: A conductive part of equipment which can be
touched and which is not a live part but which may become live under fault conditions.’
** 17th edition: ‘Conductive part of equipment which can be touched and which is not
normally live, but which can become live when basic insulation fails.’
This refers to items like the metallic covers of electrical equipment which will normally be
at earth potential, but which may develop a voltage if the fault current goes through the equipment.
C. Draw a star-delta transformer arrangement
1. Fully label all conductors, voltages and currents for a 25kV/400kV step-up system.
2. State two materials used for conductors in the UK generation, transmission and distribution system and why they are chosen.
Aluminium is used for high voltage conductors on overhead pylons on the Supergrid, National grid and to large industry. Aluminium has a slightly higher resistivity than copper ,←← but is much lighter, the main reason it is chosen for overhead lines. The aluminium
conductors are on the outside woven like a rope around a steel core, which provides mechanical strength.
Copper is used for underground cabling in the transmission and distribution systems or where weight is not an issue. It is also used for medium industry right down to domestic supply due to its low resistivity. Although Gold has lower resistivity, it is not used due to its high cost.
C. Draw a star-delta transformer arrangement.
1. Fully label all conductors, voltages and currents for a 25kV/400kV step-up system.
2. State two materials used for conductors in the UK generation, transmission and distribution system and why they are chosen.
examples of what you may be asked (what is covered in the unit and should be known as underpinning knowledge):
_ Statutory safety regulations and safe working practices.
_ Selection of wiring systems and cable sizes
_ Be able to represent an installation using block, schematic, wiring or layout diagrams
_ Describe the generation, transmission, transformation, distribution and delivery of electricity in the UK
_ Describe single-phase and 3-phase supply types, voltages, currents and terminology