***Useful Information For The Working Sparky***

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Other Considerations :eek:

There are Additional Regulations and Codes of Practice that Need to be considered during the design of an
be considered during the design of an installation. These will affect the choice of consumer unit.
Division of Installation : Section 314.1 Calls for the Installation to be so Divided to:
( a ) Avoid Hazards and Minimize Inconvenience in the Event of a Fault
( b ) Reduce the Possibility of Unwanted Tripping of the RCD due to Excessive Protective Conductor Currents.

To Comply with these Requirements the Circuits of an Installation should Not be Connected to a Single RCD, as this could Lead to Loss of Supply to the Entire Installation in the Event of a Fault on One Circuit,
clearly Inconvenient for the User of the Building

All Circuits of an Installation should Not be Connected to a Single RCD :

● BS 5839-6:2004 Fire detection and Fire alarm systems for buildings
This Code of Practice has particular requirements for dwellings. This document makes reference to the power supply to such systems
and mentions RCD’s. The circuit supplying these systems should preferably not be protected by an RCD. This however is going to be
difficult to achieve if the circuit supplying these systems is buried in the walls and standard domestic wiring systems are used. Indeed the supply cables would need to be specially protected in earthed metal conduit etc. for RCD protection not to be used.

According to BS 5839, circuits supplying fire or smoke alarms in dwellings can be protected by an RCD provided that either:
(i) The RCD serves only that circuit. For example with the use of an RCBO ,
(ii) The RCD should operate independently of any RCD feeding socket outlets or portable equipment ,

Where RCD Protection is Needed for Smoke Detector Circuits it should Preferably be Supplying that Circuit ,

● The following options, each with their own benefits, can be considered by the installation designer. ( Electrician )

Consumer Unit Arrangements “ Not Permitted “
A consumer unit with a 30mA RCD main switch would not meet the requirements of the regulations for 3 main reasons:
Consumer Unit Arrangements “ Not Permitted “
A consumer unit with a 30mA RCD main switch would not meet the requirements of the regulations for 3 main reasons:
• The Fire detection circuit and the socket outlet circuits share a common RCD. This would be against the requirements of BS 5839.
• The cumulative effects of electronic equipment in the modern home, is such that some current is likely to flow in the protective conductor.
A 30mA RCD will trip between 15-30mA. This could cause unwanted tripping, regulation 314.1 (iv) refers.
• Any fault would result in the loss of all the lighting, this could in itself cause a hazard and the lack of power to the fridge / freezer
circuit for example would be very inconvenient. Regulation 314.1 (i)

A Consumer Unit with a 30mA RCD Main Switch would Not meet the Requirements of the Regulations

● Consumer Unit Arrangements Option 1 :eek:
Main Switch with RCBO’s On All Circuits

A standard main switch disconnector controlled consumer unit could
be used with every circuit having individual RCD protection at 30mA.
This could be achieved by selecting RCBO’s for every outgoing
circuit instead of the usual MCB’s. A fault on any circuit would not
affect other circuits and hence all relevant regulations would be met by such a design.

Selecting RCBO’s for every outgoing circuit meets all relevant regulations

● Consumer Unit Arrangements Option 2
Split Load Twin RCCB plus Dedicated RCBO
This arrangement provides a dedicated 30mA RCBO for the smoke
detector circuit, but combines the rest of the circuits across two
further 30mA RCCB’s. Careful arrangements of the circuits can
reduce the likelihood of nuisance tripping, thereby limiting the
inconvenience or potential hazards that a loss of supply can cause by limiting the number of circuits affected.

This arrangement provides a dedicated RCBO for the smoke detector circuit

● Consumer Unit Arrangements Option 3

Split Load 3 RCCB Board
This arrangement provides a 30mA RCCB for the smoke detector
circuit which could also supply other circuits e.g. lighting, and
combines the rest of the circuits across two further 30mA
RCCB’s. Careful arrangements of the circuits can reduce the
likelihood of nuisance tripping, thereby limiting the inconvenience
or potential hazards that a loss of supply can cause by reducing the number of circuits affected.

This arrangement provides a RCD for the smoke detector circuit which could also supply other circuits e.g. lighting

● Consumer Unit Arrangements Option 4
Split Load Twin RCCB
This arrangement provides two separate 30mA RCCBs with the
circuits spread across both. The design of the circuit arrangements
must ensure the smoke detector is not fed from the same RCD as
socket outlets. Careful arrangement of the other circuits can reduce
the likelihood of nuisance tripping, thereby limiting the inconvenience
or potential hazards that a loss of supply can cause. However with
all circuits now over just two devices certain compromise must be accepted

The smoke detector must not be fed from the same RCD as socket outlets

● Consumer Unit Arrangements Option 5

Split Load Twin RCCB plus unprotected circuit
Under the 17th Edition requirements it is still possible to install some
circuits in domestic premises that are not fed via an RCD. Different
wiring systems would need to be used. The cost of installation could
rise considerably if most circuits were installed using armoured cable or earthed metal conduits.

The smoke alarm circuit could be installed in such a way to negate
the need for RCD protection, this may be possible by using one
of the other wiring methods described in 522.6.6 for the length of
run that the cable is in the wall (use of earthed metal conduit for
example). Or depending on the layout of the property there maybe an
attached garage for example where surface wiring might be possible.
The requirements of that regulation are therefore not applicable.

The smoke detector must not be fed from the same RCD as socket outlets

The level of compliance with the Regulations would therefore be the
same as option 2 Split Load Twin RCCB plus Dedicated RCBO.

If the smoke alarm circuit is not to be protected by an RCD it must be installed using

a method from (i) to (iv) of regulation 522.6.6

239- : Guidance for Recipients on the Recommendation Codes ;)

Only One Recommendation Code should have been Given for Each Recorded Observation ,
Recommendation Code (1)
Where an Observation has been Given a Recommendation Code (1) ( Requires Urgent Attention )
The Safety of those Using the Installation may be at Risk ,
The Person Responsible for the Maintenance of the Installation is Advised to take Action without Delay to Remedy the Observed Deficiency
In the Installation , or Take Other Appropriate Action ( Such as Switching Off and Isolating the Affected Part(s) of the Installation )
To Remove the Potential Danger ,
The N----- Approved Contractor Issuing this Report will be Able to Provide Further Advice :

It is Important to Note that the Recommendation Given at Section 1 Next Inspection of this Report for the Maximum Interval until
The Next Inspection , is Conditional Upon all Items which have been Given a Recommendation Code 1 being Remedied without Delay ,

Recommendation Code (2)
Recommendation Code 2 ( Requires Improvement ) indicates that , Whilst the Safety of those Using the Installation may Not be at Immediate Risk ; Remedial Action should be Taken as Soon as Possible to Improve the Safety of the Installation to the Level Provided by the National Standard for the Safety of Electrical Installations BS - 7671

The N----- Approved Contractor Issuing this Report will be Able to Provide Further Advice :
Items which have been Attributed Recommendation Code 2 should be Remedied as Soon as Possible

Recommendation Code (3)
Where an Observation has been Given a Recommendation Code 3 ( Requires Further Investigation ) the Inspection has Revealed an Apparent Deficiency which could Not , Due to the Extent or Limitations of this Inspection , be Fully Identified , Items which have been Attributed Recommendation Code 3 should be Investigated as soon as Possible
The Person Responsible for the Maintenance of the Installation is Advised to Arrange for the N----- Approved Contractor Issuing
This Report ( or Other Competent Person ) to Undertake Further Examination of the Installation to Determine the Nature and Extent of the Apparent Deficiency

Recommendation Code (4)
Recommendation Code 4 ( Does Not Comply with BS-7671 ( as Amended ) will have been Given to Observed Non-Compliance(s)
With the Current Safety Standard which Do Not Warrant One of the Other Recommendation Codes ,
It is Not Intended to Imply that the Electrical Installation is Unsafe , but Careful Consideration should be Given to the Benefits of Improving these Aspects of the Installation ,
The N----- Approved Contractor Issuing this Report will be Able to Provide Further Advice ,
 
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Frequency of Inspections ;)
The frequency of the periodic inspection and testing must be determined taking into account:
1. the type of installation
2. its use and operation
3. the frequency and quality of maintenance
4. the external influences to which it is subjected.
It is recommended that periodic inspection and testing is carried out at least every:
1. 10 years for a domestic installation
2. 5 years for a commercial installation
3. 1 year for swimming pools
Other instances when a periodic inspection should be carried out are:
1. When a property is being prepared to be let
2. Prior to selling a property or when buying a previously occupied property
Scope
The requirement of BS-7671 IEE Wiring Regulations, for periodic Inspection and Testing is for INSPECTION comprising careful scrutiny of the installation without dismantling, or with partial dismantling as required, together with a sequence of tests considered appropriate by the person carrying out the inspection and testing.

Electrical Testing - Legal Requirements 239- ;)

Letting
You must maintain the electrical installation and any equipment provided by you, in a safe condition.
The Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 requires landlords to ensure the electrical installation is safe when the tenancy begins, and that it is maintained in a safe condition throughout that tenancy.
One way of ensuring safety is to undertake a regular visual inspection of the installation, looking for any obvious signs of damage such as damaged cables, socket-outlets showing scorch marks, etc.
In addition, the Institution of Electrical Engineers recommends that electrical installations are formally inspected and tested by a competent person on change of occupancy, and at least once every ten years.
Businesses
Any business premises from Guest houses, Shops, Offices or Hotels, are required under the Electricity at Work Regulations, that the electrical installation be checked. to satisfy this requirement.
Building Regulations
Part P of the Building Regulations (England and Wales) was introduced by the Government on January 1st 2005. It is designed to reduce accidents caused by faulty electrical installations and to prevent incompetent installers from leaving electrical installations in an unsafe condition.
Part P applies to the following situations:
• Dwelling houses and flats
• Dwellings and business premises that have a common supply eg shops that have a flat above
• Common access areas in blocks of flats such as corridors or staircases
• Shared amenities in blocks of flats such as laundries or gyms
• In or on land associated with dwellings – such as fixed lighting or pond pumps in gardens
• Outbuildings such as sheds, detached garages and greenhouses
Approved Document P is called ‘Electrical Safety’ and will be complied with if the standard of electrical work meets the ‘Fundamental Requirements of Chapter 13 of BS7671'.
Section P1 of Part P states: ‘Reasonable provision shall be made in the design, installation, inspection and testing of electrical installations in order to protect persons from fire and injury’
Section P2 of Part P states: ‘Sufficient information shall be provided so that persons wishing to operate, maintain or alter an electrical installation can do so with reasonable safety’
Part P applies only to fixed electrical installations that are intended to operate at low voltage or extra-low voltage which are not controlled by the Electricity Supply Regulations 1988 as amended, or the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 as amended.
Note 1: The Workplace (Health, Safety & Welfare) Regulations (1992) apply in common parts of flats and similar buildings if people such as cleaners and caretakers are employed to work in them.
Note 2: The Electricity at Work Regulations (1989) cover all electrical work carried out professionally and the competence of the individuals carrying out that work
Note 3: Part P is concerned with safety and does not directly cover system functionality
Note 4: Part P does not specifically cover dwellings in places of work normally covered by the Electricity at Work Regulations (1989), such as caretakers flats in schools, MOD barracks etc.

The Periodic Inspection Report form is intended for reporting on the condition of an existing electrical installation. ;)
You should have received an original Report and the contractor should have retained a duplicate. If you were the person ordering this Report, but not the owner of the installation, you should pass this Report, or a full copy of it, immediately to the owner.
The original Report is to be retained in a safe place and be shown to any person inspecting or undertaking work on the electrical installation in the future. If you later vacate the property, this Report will provide the new owner with details of the condition of the electrical installation at the time the Report.
The 'Extent and Limitations' box should fully identify the extent of the installation covered by this Report and any limitations on the inspection and tests. The contractor should have agreed these aspects with you and any other interested parties (Licensing Authority, Insurance Company, Building Society etc) before the inspection was carried out.
The Report will usually contain a list of recommended actions necessary to bring the installation up to the current standard. For items classified as 'required urgent attention', the safety of those using the installation may be at risk, and it is recommended that a competent person undertakes the necessary remedial work without delay.
For safety reasons, the electrical installation will need to be re-inspected at appropriate intervals by a competent person. The maximum time interval recommended before the next inspection is stated in the Report under 'Next Inspection.'
Accessories and Switchgear
It is recommended that a random sample of a minimum of 10 per cent of all switching devices is given a thorough internal visual inspection of accessible parts to assess their electrical and mechanical condition.
Protection against Thermal Effects
The presence of fire barriers, seals and means of protection against thermal effects will be verified.
Protective Devices
The presence, accessibility, marking and condition of devices for electrical protection, isolation and switching will be verified. It should be established that each circuit is adequately protected with the correct type, size and rating of fuse or circuit-breaker. The suitability of each protective and monitoring device and its overload setting will be checked.
Visual Inspections
Joints and Connections
It is not practicable to inspect every joint and termination in an electrical installation, nevertheless a sample inspection is made. An inspection is made of all accessible part of the electrical installation e.g. switchgear, distribution boards, and a sample of luminaire points and socket-outlets to ensure that all terminal connections of the conductors are properly installed and secured. Any signs of overheating and conductors, terminations or equipment will be thoroughly investigated and included in the Report.

239- Regs : page – 340 ( PS this will come up along the Line ) ;)
✔’
indicates that an inspection or a” test “ was carried out and that the result was satisfactory
‘✗’
indicates that an inspection or a” test “was carried out and that the result was Not satisfactory( Applicable for a Periodic Inspection Only )

N/A’ indicates that an inspection or a” test “was not applicable to the particular installation

LIM’ indicates that, that exceptionally, a limitation agreed with the person ordering the work prevented the Inspection being Carried Out ( Applicable for a Periodic Inspection Only )

prevented the inspection or test being carried out
 
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239- Test !! It is Big Exam , Good Luck for your examination , Amberleaf :cool:
Please have a Look at what am down Loading it will Help you Somewhere along the Line
PS some Old Notes

● Give THREE reasons for carrying out a polarity test on an installation, as required by BS-7671
● The resistance of an earth electrode is to measured. If a mains supply is unavailable, state the
(a) instrument to be used
(b) terms used to describe the TWO other test electrodes.

● State (a) why it may not be possible to obtain a measured value of loop impedance for a circuit protected by an RCD (b) how this value may be determined without the use of a special instrument
● A loop impedance test is to be conducted on a radial socket outlet circuit. State
(a) where in the circuit the test should be made
(b) TWO conditions that may affect the validity of the measured value as a comparison to the maximum value
● State THREE reasons for the use of a 20mA RCD
● In the formula IΔ n = 50/Zs (a) state what is represented by ‘50’ (b) the maximum residual current rating of the RCD required, when the value of Zs is 500Ω
● The PFC at the origin of an installation is to be measured. State the
(a) instrument to be used
(b) measurement units
(c) importance of the breaking capacity of the protective devices at the origin
● Section B – Answer ALL SIX questions Questions 21 to 26 all refer to the following scenario and Fig. 1 (attached).
Fig.1 shows the main intake and circuit arrangements for the new electrical installation in a refurbished dentist’s surgery. The heating, ventilating and air-conditioning unit (HVAC), located outside the building is supplied using p.c.v./p.c.v./s.w.a. multicore cable. All other circuits are wired using p.v.c. single-core cables enclosed in concealed p.v.c. conduit and surface trunking (c.p.c’s are the same size as the phase conductors). The lighting is a mixture of tungsten filament, fluorescent and PIR-controlled exterior security lights. The installation has been completed and is ready for inspection and testing.
● State the
(a) type of inspection and test to be completed (b) certificate that will need to be completed (c) signatures that are required on the certificate in b) (d) status of the signatories (e) documents that must accompany the certificate in b) (f) information regarding the incoming supply that should be recorded on ONE of the documents in e) (g) person who should keep the original completed documents

“ What types of electrical work DOES Part P cover “ ;)

Part P applies to electrical installations in buildings or parts of buildings comprising:
> dwelling houses and flats;
> dwellings and business premises that have a common supply – for example shops
and public houses with a flat above;
> common access areas in blocks of flats such as corridors and staircases;
> shared amenities of blocks of flats such as laundries and gymnasiums.

Part P applies also to parts of the above electrical installations:
> in or on land associated with the buildings – for example Part P applies to
fixed lighting and pond pumps in gardens;
> in outbuildings such as sheds, detached garages and greenhouses.

“ How will compliance with Part P be enforced ”

Electrical installations within dwellings are now covered by Part P (and others) of
the building regulations. As such, failure to comply with the building regulations is a
criminal offence and Local Authorities have the power to require the removal or
alteration of work that does not comply with the requirements.

As with other building regulations, they must be followed. This ensures compliance,
as well as regulated enforcement of standards and ultimately quality of workmanship

“ What benefits is Part P aiming to provide “

it is expected that bringing electrical work in dwellings under building regulations
control will reduce the number of deaths, injuries and fires caused by faults in
electrical installations. It is also expected that nationally, Part P will lead to an overall
improvement in the competence of electrical contractors and to an improvement in the quality of electrical work.

Insurance companies are not yet offering cheaper home insurance if your electrical
installation is checked compliant to latest regulations and Part P.

We are seeing 'required' demands from insurance companies that are let through
landlords - safety and Part P compliant against any recent updates / changes.

Longer term (2007 onwards) we expect additional movement through the government
and through insurance companies to begin to 'drive' Part P, requiring electrical
certification to be confirmed against building works since 2005 and creating a
framework for confirmation of safety upon change of ownership (conveyance).

Electrician : 2392-10 ← :confused:

As Part P is now a regulatory requirement for electrical installations within homes,
insurance companies will challenge claims when faced with related electrical issues,
with possible failure ( invalidation ) of the claim, if Part P was not followed.

Building Regulations

The Requirements of this Part Apply Only to Electrical Installations That are Intended to Operate at Low or Extra-Low Voltage – are :-
(a) in Dwellings
(b) in the Common parts of the Buildings Serving one or more Dwellings , but Excluding power Supplies to Lifts ,
(c) in a Building that Receives its Electricity from a Source Located within or Shared with a Dwelling , and
(d ) in garden or in or on Land Associated with a Building where the Electricity is from a Source Located within or Shared with a Dwelling

** Extra Low Voltage = 50v ac or 120v ripple free dc
** Low Voltage = not exceed 1000 V ac or 1500 V dc between conductors,
or 600 V ac or 900 V dc between conductors and earth.

Standard domestic 'mains' electricity = Low Voltage (as defined above)

Simply, Part P aims to tighten and enforce electrical regulations as defined by the
Institute of Electrical Engineers (IEE). These regulations now mean *most* electrical
changes, additions and updates within dwellings fall under Part P, and must comply
with the IEE, the BS-7671 wiring regulations

What is Periodic Inspection & Testing ;)
The 'Electricity at Work Regulations 1989' in Regulations 4(1) and 4(2) lay down the requirement to ensure that an electrical installation should be designed, installed, constructed and maintained in a safe manner at all times. The basis for periodic inspection and testing is derived from Guidance Note 3 of the 'IEE Wiring Regulations BS7671:2008'.
Inspection & Testing of an electrical installation generates a Periodic Inspection Report which is a condition report supplemented by testing results. The Periodic Inspection Report will normally consist of:
• Client information and details of the installation
• Supply characteristics and Earthing arrangements
• Observation & Recommendations
• Extent & Limitations of Testing
• Summary of the Inspection
• Inspection & Test Schedules
'IEE Inspection and Testing Guidance Note 3' “ GN-3 “
The Testing of an electrical installation follows BS-7671:2008 and comprises of:
• C.P.C Continuity
• Ring Circuit Continuity
• Insulation Resistance
• Polarity
• Earth Fault Loop Impedance
• Prospective Fault Current
• Operation of Residual Current Devices
• Functional Testing
Testing is carried out as far as is reasonably practicable as defined in EAWR 1989.
 
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The Electricity at Work Regulations :D

Regulation 3: Persons on Whom Duties are Imposed by these Regulations
Regulation 4: Systems, work activities & protective equipment
Regulation 5: Strength and capability of electrical equipment
Regulation 6: Adverse or hazardous environments
Regulation 7: Insulation, protection and placing of conductors
Regulation 8: Earthing or other suitable precautions
Regulation 9: Integrity of Referenced Conductors
Regulation 10: Connections
Regulation 11: Means for Protecting from Excess of Current
Regulation 12: Means of cutting off the supply and for isolation ( Isolation from sources of energy )
Regulation 13: Precautions for work on equipment made dead
Regulation 14: Work on or near live conductors
Regulation 15: Working space, access and lighting
Regulation 16: Persons to be competent to prevent danger and injury :

The On-site Guide is intended to enable the competent electrician to deal with small installations (up to 100 A, 3-phase )

“ Inspection & Testing before into Service “ 2392-10 :rolleyes: Electrical Installations should be Inspected and Tested as Necessary and Appropriate During and the End of Installation , Before they are taken into Service , to Verify that they are Safe to Use ,Maintain and Alter and Comply with Part P of the
Building Regulations and with any Other Relevant Parts of the Building Regulations

An HSE Inspector , whilst visiting a high-volume manufacturing plant , spots a serious problem with a complex machine –whilst it is running through a long “ cycle “ The machine IS under human supervision , which one of the following actions , available to him/her , is most appropriate in this case ,
( Issue a Deferred prohibition notice )

this will allow the machine to complete its “ cycle ( with safeguards’ in place ) after which time , it MUST NOT
Be used until the fault is repaired this option is available to Inspectors in this cases where shutting down in “ mid-cycle “
Can itself – cause danger / expensive damage :rolleyes:

“ Apprentice “ :rolleyes: Domestic Electrical Installation Condition Report :
A Visual Condition Report , which includes Inspection but Not Testing :

A Periodic Inspection Report ( Including Inspection & Testing )

Residual Current Devices ( RCDs ) are used Extensively in Installation to Provide Fault Protection and / or Additional
Protection Against Electric Shocks ,17th Edition of the IEE Wiring Regulations most if not all , Final Circuits in new or rewired
Installation in Domestic Premises need to be Provided with Additional Protection by an RCD having a Rated
Residual Operating Current ( I∆n ) – 30mA and an Operating Time Not Exceeding 40mS at ( 5 I∆n )

While RCDs Provide an Enhanced Level of Shock Protection , Precautions should be Taken to Avoid Unwanted Tripping of the Devices on Healthy Circuits , ( Repeated Unwanted Tripping is Likely to Damage User Confidence in RCDs , )

Unwanted Tripping of RCDs can be Caused by the Currents that may flow in the Protective Conductors of Circuits Supplying
Certain Items of Class 1 ( Earthed ) Equipment During their Normal Operation , Such Items Include Equipment Incorporating :

● Electrical Noise ( Radio Frequency )
Suppression Filters , such as Personal Computers , Hi-fi Equipment , TVs , DVDs
● Heating Elements , such as Cookers , Water Heaters or Radiant Heaters ,
● Motors , such as Fridges & Freezers ,

To avoid Unwanted Tripping , RCDs Should be so Selected and Circuits so Subdivided , that any Protective Conductors Current
Expected to Occur During Normal Operation of the ( Load(s) will be Unlikely to Cause Tripping of the Device ,
It is worth Noting that Product Standards Permit Certain Equipment such as Personal Computers , to Create up to ( 3 mA )
Of Leakage Current in the Protective Conductor ,
Tripping of RCDs the Number of Items of Protective Conductor Current-Generating Equipment per Circuit ,
And the Number of Circuits Served by each RCD , needs to be Sufficiently Small ,

As a Rule of Thumb , Tripping of an RCD may Result if the Total Protective Conductor Current in the Circuit(s)
It Serves Exceeds 50% of its Rated Residual Operating Current that is 15 mA for a 30 mA Device ,

“ Routine Inspection & Maintenance of Fire Safety Installations “ :rolleyes:

Once Fire Safety Installations , such as Fire Detection and Fire Alarms Systems and Emergency and Escape Lighting Systems ,
Are in Use , they should be Subject to Regular Checks and Maintenance , these Checks are Split into Daily , Weekly , Monthly ,
Three-Monthly , Six-Monthly , and Yearly Checks :
● the Indication of Normal Operation of the Control Panel of a Fire Detection and Alarm Systems or Emergency and Escape Lighting Systems ,

● Weekly Checks includes , Amongst other things , Standby Batteries are in good Condition and the Control Equipment is Able to Receive a Fire Signal and Initiate the Evacuation Procedure :

● Amongst other things , the Operation of Standby Generator Sets should be Checked Monthly , involving the Simulation of Power Failure and Allowing the Systems to be Energised for One Hour , Additionally , the Failure of the Supply to the Normal Lighting should be Simulated Monthly , and all Signs and Luminaires Inspected to Determine that they are Functioning Correctly ,

● Annual Checks by Competent Person(s)
Should be made amongst other things ,of the Fire Detection and Alarm Systems , Self-Contained Luminaires over Three-Years old and Sprinkler Systems ,
 
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City & Guilds Unit Breakdown ;)

Unit 201
This unit is the first to complete and comprises of the following sections:
● Identify the legal requirements
● Identify occupational specialism’s
● Identify sources of technical information
This is a general Health and Safety unit that also covers some of the fundamentals of the industry, such as the use of drawings.
Unit 202
The second unit and the first one that involves the student thinking more and using their Math’s and Physics skills.
● Describe the application of basic units used in electro technology
● Describe basic scientific concepts related to electro technology
● Describe basic electrical circuitry and applications
● Identify tools, plant, equipment and materials
This unit introduces standard units as well as the theory and calculation behind resistance and resistivity and other technical concepts. Ohms Law is introduced at this point.
Unit 203
The third unit is an amalgamation of the first two. It splits Health and Safety and Electrical Principles into two but also requires both parts to be passed independently to achieve the certificate.
● Safe systems of working
● Using technical information
● Electrical machines and a.c. theory
● Polyphase systems
● Over current, short circuit and earth fault protection
Some of the more useful fundamentals of electrical installation are covered, such as protective devices and the purpose of earthing. Motors and a.c. theory also come into play.
This unit also contains Unit 204 which is a practical assessment involving the measurement of 3 phase supplies, both voltage and current and on and off load and the measurement of the different voltages and currents found in a standard fluorescent circuit. This is assessed internally but is needed to claim for your final certificate.
Unit 205
The unit that concludes the level 2 focuses on installation design and Regulations and covers the following subjects.
● Regulations and related information
● Purpose of specifications and data
● Types of installations
● Undertaking electrical installation
As part of unit 205 you have to complete Unit 206, you are expected to complete a large practical task (which can vary centre to centre) that consists of different wiring system such as steel conduit, trunking, swa and lighting and socket outlet circuits.
Unit 301
The start of the level 3 takes all the aspects of level 2 and increases the depth of content. It works in the same way as Unit 203 in that it is split into 2 parts, Health and Safety and Science and Principles and you must achieve a pass in both sections. Expect to cover the following:
● Comply with Statutory Regulations and organisationaI requirements
● Apply safe working practices and follow accident and emergency procedures
● Work effectively and develop competences
and for the second part
● Understand the functions of electrical components
● Understand electrical supply systems, protection and earthing
Unit 302
This unit concentrates on Inspection, Testing and Commissioning and takes the theory up to level 3 where you are expected to test live installations. It is made up of a practical assessment and a 2 hour written examination covering all aspects of Inspection and Testing.
Unit 303
Almost identical to unit 302, this unit concentrates on Fault Diagnosis and Rectification and finishes in a practical assessment and a 2 hour written exam.
Electrical Qualifications 2007

The actual AM2 is split into 4 sections: :rolleyes:
• Section A involves a composite installation. It is a partially completed installation which you must finish. You need to know how to terminate SWA (armoured) cable, MIMS (Mineral Insulated Metal Sheathed or simply Pyro to many) and be comfortable with simple motor circuits, although you are given a wiring diagram. Once complete a visual and a functional test needs to be carried out.
• Section B involves an inspection and test of the installation
• Section C involves safe isolation procedures and a risk assessment
• Section D is fault diagnosis and rectification
AM2 Hints and Tips
Below are some ideas to help you pass the AM2 practical exam.
• Practice reading from a circuit diagram before you start
• Be especially comfortable with motor circuits and following the wiring diagram given to you beforehand
Be comfortable with lighting circuits in singles, make sure you know how to wire a landlords override switch and a Two-Way and Intermediate Lighting Circuit
•
• Take a padlock with you just in case and keep your tools locked
• Take a sharp knife such as an electricians knife sold by RS, Stanley knives or craft knives will not be permitted
• Fully understand the correct safe isolation procedure, make sure you keep the key in your pocket or locked away
• Know how to fault find, remember, continuity and insulation resistance tests are your friends
• Practice MIMS cable but leave it until the last task on the installation
• Practice doing back to back bends in steel conduit

Water heaters
As a general rule, any water heater over 15 litres should be fed by an independent circuit. Again, calculations should be made regarding the power consumption of the heating element although in most instances, it will be fed by a 16A protective device and 2.5mm2 cable.
OTHER CIRCUITS
Fire alarm
Introduced into the Building Regulations, specifically, Part B: Fire Safety, was the provision of a separate circuit for a fire alarm. It is thought that a separate circuit will not be isolated for any period of time hence the need to remove it from circuits such as lighting or socket outlet circuits.
 
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239- Inspection Testing & Certification of Electrical Installations Exam ( Old Notes ) :eek:

The student must be aware of the correct use of terminology when answering questions, marks will be lost for incorrect use, some common examples include:
Using the term 'live' instead of 'phase'. Remember a live conductor includes the neutral also
Using the term 'completion certificate' instead of Electrical Installation Certificate
Using the term 'electrical inspection certificate' instead of Electrical Installation Certificate
Using the term 'initial' inspection certificate' instead of Electrical Installation Certificate
Using the term 'minor works certificate' instead of Minor Electrical Installation Works Certificate
Using the term 'Periodic Inspection Certificate' instead of 'Periodic Inspection Report for an Electrical Installation'
Incorrect use of the terms used to describe the 'Earthing Conductor' and Main Equipotential Bonding Conductors' For example using the incorrect term 'Main Bonding Conductor' instead of 'Earthing Conductor' and using the incorrect term 'Earth Bonding Conductor or even Bonding Conductor' instead of Main Equipotential Bonding Conductor
Incorrectly describing the 'Continuity of protective conductors' or 'Continuity of Ring Final Conductors' test as 'Open Loop' test when describing how to obtain R1 + R2
Incorrectly referring to 'Inspection Schedule' instead of 'Schedule of Inspections'
Incorrectly referring to 'Schedule of Tests' or Test Results Schedule instead of ' Schedule of Test Results'
It may sound petty, but you must learn to use the correct terms or you will lose marks - All the available past exam papers and the periodic inspection report check-list describe the correct terms to use
Naming documentation
When requested the documentation to complete during an initial or periodic inspection, many candidates will mention the Electrical Installation Certificate or the Periodic Inspection Report but forget to mention the 'Schedule of Inspections' and Schedule of Test Results'
Completing documentation
Many of the latest written exam papers include the requirement to complete an Electrical Installation Certificate or Periodic Inspection Report along with the accompanied 'Schedule of Inspections' and Schedule of Test Results' Often the question only asks the candidate to complete the schedule of test results for say a new ring final circuit. Many candidates waste valuable time and lose marks by completing the schedule of test results for every circuit given in the specification in part B of the question paper.
BIG TIP: READ THE QUESTION CAREFULLY:
Many candidates continue to get the value of Zs wrong for the circuit in question in part B of the exam. Check out my
A common error when completing questions involving schedule of test results is to forget to indicate functional tests have been performed and found satisfactory/unsatisfactory. To tick the tick box when completing details of ring final circuits, ensuring to indicate continuity of ring final conductors have been performed.
Failure to record the type of earthing system, i.e. TN-S, TN-C-S, TT,
Failure to record the value of Ze, PFC, Nominal voltage, Nominal frequency, are common errors.


Test procedures
A very common question is to explain in detail how to perform an insulation resistance test, often on a lighting circuit. Candidates regularly fail to state the instrument used which is an 'Insulation Resistance Ohm-meter' (Not a Megger! You will not gain any marks if you answer a Megger) Many candidates fail to identify the test voltage required for typical 230/240 volt installation which is 500 volts and the acceptable test value which is 0.5 Meg-ohm or greater (again due to change under 17th edition to a minimum acceptable value of 1.0 Meg-ohm) City and Guilds usually deliberately pick a lighting circuit that is stipulated as having two way switching, just to see if the candidate mentions to test the strappers in BOTH positions.
Failure to mention testing the insulation resistance of both strappers will lose you marks. Be warned!
Candidates regularly make mistakes when answering RCD questions. Often the question or specifications usually given in part B will make reference to a specific type of RCD for example a 30 mA RCD. Candidates are then asked to state the actual test current applicable to test this type of RCD. Candidates regularly incorrectly state the answer as x1/2 x1 and x5 instead of x1/2 = 15mA x1 = 30mA and x5 = 150mA
A frequent question which often occurs requires the candidate to explain how to perform a continuity test on a ring final circuit and to explain how R1 + R2 for the circuit is obtained. Many candidates regularly continue to get this procedure wrong check out my past exam papers and the Periodic Inspection Report check-list for a thorough explanation on how to perform these tests.
In the March 2007 paper -&- point out many exam candidates still cannot list the correct sequence of tests for a given scenario. One such scenario involves the testing of a lighting circuit, many candidates just listed the typical sequence including continuity or ring final circuit conductors, clearly they received 'Nil Pwa' for their effort
Many candidates could not correctly perform calculations involving the 'rule of thumb' or incorrectly applied the rule to the 'Measured' values instead of the 'Tabulated' values
On questions regarding insulation resistance, some candidates thought 0.00 Meg-ohms was an open circuit. Many candidates could not correctly describe the procedure for performing an external phase-earth fault loop impedance test. C&G are now requesting much more detail to such questions as well as RCD testing, requesting not only details of how to perform an RCD test but circuit preparation before hand as well as reasons why circuit preparation is required. See my March 2007 specimen paper for answers to all these questions including full colour diagram of how to perform the Ze test
October 2007 exam, part B scenario gave many candidates a difficult time. Here you were presented with a TN-C-S system installed in a domestic property, and an underground supply cable is being used to supply an external outhouse. However the electricity supply company will not allow you to use their means of earthing for the outhouse. So how do you provide a means of earthing for the outhouse? Where do you earth the supply cable? What checks must you make on the underground supply cable? Why can't you use the main house TN-C-S system as a means of earthing the outhouse? Many candidates have written to me seeking clarification on the part B scenario questions.
October 2007 Part B scenario
Solution to terminating the underground SWA supply cable
The above diagram is how the -&-'s question may lead you to terminate the SWA of the underground supply cable, since the question informs you. "You are NOT allowed to use the supply companies earthing system as a means of earthing the outhouse" However -&-'s mention nothing about earthing the supply cable itself. It is difficult to decide whether -&-'s are just testing the candidates knowledge of this situation VERY thoroughly or alternatively offering a red-herring to mislead the unwary candidate. Whichever is the reason for this question, it caused many exam candidates a great deal of difficulty and lost time trying to decide what the solution was.
The actual solution stems from BS 7671 regulation 542-01-09 part of this reg states
"If the protective conductor (i.e. the swa) forms part of a cable, the protective conductor shall be earthed only in the installation containing the associated protective device" This therefore has to be the main house end. See the only possible solution below
 
;) But where manufactures recommend a method regulation 134.1.1 comes into play with:- Electrical equipment shall be installed in accordance with the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the equipment.

As if this should over ride regulations like 531.2.8 Where an RCD is used for fault protection with, but separately from, an overcurrent protective device, it shall be verified that the residual current operated device is capable of withstanding, without damage, the thermal and mechanical stresses to which it is likely to be subjected in the case of a fault occurring on the load side of the point at which it is installed. Is of debate but I can see anyone forcing you to change to all RCBO after a multi RCD board it fitted and in any case if going through building control direct you have to submit plans first so any objection would be before the work started.

Multi-RCD are required to comply with:-
314.1 Every installation shall be divided into circuits etc. ( only showing part of reg )
(iii) take account of danger that may arise from the failure of a single circuit such as a lighting circuit
(iv) reduce the possibility of unwanted tripping of RCDs due to excessive protective conductor currents produced by equipment in normal operation.
531.2.4 An RCD shall be so selected and the electrical circuits so subdivided that any protective conductor current which may he expected to occur during normal operation of the connected load(s) will be unlikely to cause unnecessary tripping of the device.

As I read it unless emergency lighting is used then lights should have there own RCD and not shared with any other circuit. The same would apply to fire alarm systems. Items like cookers which could cause other circuits to trip due to high earth leakage and sockets, likely used outside, should not really be on the same RCD as other items in the house. This could also apply to computer supplies.


“ Instructed person “
A person adequately advised or supervised by skilled persons to enable him/her to avoid dangers which electricity may create.:
“ Ordinary person “
A person who is neither a skilled person nor an instructed person.:

“ Wiring Systems “
To conform with the requirements of BS 7671, wiring systems must utilise cables complying with the relevant requirements of
the applicable British Standard or Harmonised Standard.
Alternatively, if equipment complying with Alternatively, if equipment complying with based on an IEC Standard is
to be used, the designer or other person responsible for specifying the installation must verify that any differences between that
standard and the corresponding British Standard or Harmonised Standard will not result in a lesser degree of safety than
that afforded by compliance :
A new series of Regulations ( 522.6.6 - 522.6.8 ) have been introduced in the 17th Edition of the IEE Wiring Regulations
concerning cables concealed in a wall or partition. These new Regulations introduce the concept of skilled person, instructed
person and ordinary person :
“ RCD Protection “
It is now a requirement to protect cables concealed in a wall or partition (at a depth of less than 50 mm) by a 30mA RCD where the
installation is not intended to be under the supervision of a skilled or instructed person where other methods of protection, including the
use of cables with an earthed metallic covering, earthed conduit/trunking or mechanical protection, can not be employed.
Irrespective of the depth, a cable in a partition where the construction includes metallic parts other than fixings shall be protected by
a 30 mA RCD. For example, this means that in a domestic installation, where insulated and sheathed cables are concealed in a
wall at a depth of less than 50 mm and have no mechanical protection, they need to be installed within the safe zones and protected
by a 30 mA RCD.
“ Skilled person “
A person with technical knowledge or sufficient experience to enable him/her to avoid dangers which electricity may create :
 
Permitted cable routes : ;)

with the British Standard. The effect of environmental conditions and general characteristics around various parts of the installation must be assessed to enable suitable electrical equipment, including the wiring system, to be specified.
For example, cables and equipment used in agricultural and horticultural premises should be installed away from areas or routes used by
animals or be of a type to withstand such attack. Any part of the fixed installation which may be exposed to a severe impact
must be able to survive it. In workshops, for example, where heavy objects are moved, installation of wiring systems in traffic
routes should be avoided or localised protection must be provided. Therefore, when designing a concealed installation, the designer
must select a suitable wiring system. Under the 17th Edition, depending on the type of wiring selected, the method of installation
and whether the installation will be under the control of a skilled person, or instructed person or ordinary person will depend
whether the concealed wiring will require RCD protection or not. For example, in a domestic installation, where insulated and sheathed
cables are concealed in a wall at a depth of less than 50 mm and have no mechanical protection, they need to be installed within
the safe zones and need to be protected by a 30 mA RCD. Regulations 522.6.6 and 522.6.8 are reproduced here for information.
522.6.6 A cable concealed in a wall or partition at a depth of less than 50 mm from a surface of the wall or partition shall:
(i) incorporate an earthed metallic covering which complies with the requirements of these Regulations for a protective
conductor of the circuit concerned, the cable complying with BS 5467, BS 6346, BS 6724, BS 7846, BS EN 60702-1 or BS 8436, or
(ii) be enclosed in earthed conduit complying with BS EN 61386 and satisfying the requirements of these Regulations for a
protective conductor, or (iii) be enclosed in earthed trunking or ducting complying with BS EN 50085 and satisfying the
requirements of these Regulations for a protective conductor, or (iv) be mechanically protected against damage sufficient to prevent
penetration of the cable by nails, screws and the like, or (v) be installed in a zone within 150 mm from the top of the wall or partition or
within 150 mm of an angle formed by two adjoining walls or partitions. Where the cable is connected to a point,
accessory or switchgear on any surface of the wall or partition, the cable may be installed in a zone either horizontally or vertically, to
the point, accessory or switchgear. Where the location of the accessory, point or switchgear can be determined from the reverse
side, a zone formed on one side of a wall of 100 mm thickness or less or partition of 100 mm thickness or less extends to the reverse side.
522.6.7 Where Regulation 522.6.6 applies and the installation is not intended to be under the supervision of a skilled or instructed
person, a cable installed in accordance with Regulation 522.6.6 (v), and not complying with Regulation 522.6.6 (i), (ii), (iii) or (iv),
shall be provided with additional protection by means of an RCD having the characteristics specified in Regulation 415.1.1.
522.6.8 Irrespective of the depth of the cable from a surface of the wall or partition, in an installation not intended to be under the
supervision of a skilled or instructed person, a cable concealed in a wall or partition the internal construction of which includes metallic parts, other than metallic fixings such as nails, screws and the like, shall:
(i) incorporate an earthed metallic covering which complies with the requirements of these Regulations for a protective
conductor of the circuit concerned, the cable complying with BS 5467, BS 6346, BS 6724, BS 7846,
BS EN 60702-1 or BS 8436, or (ii) be enclosed in earthed conduit complying with BS EN 61386 and satisfying the requirements of
these Regulations for a protective conductor, or (iii) be enclosed in earthed trunking or ducting complying with BS EN 50085
and satisfying the requirements of these Regulations for a protective conductor, or (iv) be mechanically protected sufficiently to
avoid damage to the cable during construction of the wall or partition and during installation of the cable, or (v) be provided with
additional protection by means of an RCD having the characteristics specified in Regulation 415.1.1.
NOTE: If the cable is installed at a depth of 50 mm or less from the surface of a wall or partition the requirements of Regulation
522.6.6 also apply. RCD Protection ,An RCD is a protective device used to automatically disconnect the electrical supply when an imbalance is detected between live conductors. In the case of a single-phase circuit, the device monitors the difference in currents
between the line and neutral conductors. If a line to earth fault develops, a portion of the line conductor current
will not return through the neutral conductor. The device monitors this difference, operates and disconnects the circuit when the residual current reaches a preset limit, the residual operating current (IΔn). An RCD on its own does not provide protection against overcurrents. Overcurrent protection is provided by a fuse or a circuit-breaker. However, combined RCD and circuit-breakers are available and are designated RCBOs. Unwanted tripping Unwanted tripping of RCDs can occur when a protective conductor current or leakage
current causes unnecessary operation of the RCD. An RCD must be so selected and the electrical circuits so subdivided that any
protective conductor current that may be expected to occur during normal operation of the connected load(s) will be unlikely to cause unnecessary tripping of the device. Discrimination Where two, or more, RCDs are connected in series, discrimination must be
provided, if necessary, to prevent danger. During a fault, discrimination will be achieved when the device electrically nearest to the
fault operates and does not affect other upstream devices. Discrimination will be achieved when ‘S’ (Selective) types are used in conjunction with downstream general type RCDs. The ‘S’ type has a built-in time delay and provides discrimination by simply ignoring the fault for a set period of time allowing more sensitive downstream devices to operate and remove the fault. For example, when
two RCDs are connected in series, to provide discrimination, the first RCD should be an ‘S’ type. RCDs with built in time
delays should not be used to provide personal protection. Labelling Regulation 514.12.2 requires that where an installation incorporates an RCD a notice shall be fixed in a prominent position at or near the origin of the installation. The Regulation requires that the notice
shall be in indelible characters not smaller than illustrated in BS 7671, see fig. 4. Testing Refer to Regulations 612.8.1,
612.13.1 and 415.1.1 for requirements in terms of verification of installed RCDs.
“ Conclusion “ 1
Under the 17th Edition designers will now have to determine from the client whether the installation is going to be under the
supervision of a skilled person, instructed person or ordinary person.

Labelling requirement of 514.12.2
 
Recognised devices ( Remember that BS- is Old / but still in Use ) :eek:
RCDs are manufactured to harmonised standards and can be identified by their BS EN numbers. An RCD found in an
older installation may not provide protection in accordance with current standards. The following list identifies the applicable current standards:
BS 4293 : 1983 (1993) Specification for residual current operated circuit-breakers. (Replaced by BS EN 61008-1: 1995,
BS EN 61008-2-1: 1995 and BS IEC 61008-2-2: 1990). This Standard remains current :
BS 7071 : 1992 (1998)
Specification for portable residual current devices :
BS 7288 : 1990 (1998)
Specification for socket-outlets incorporating residual current devices. (SRCDs)
BS EN 61008-1 : 1995 (2001)
Residual current operated circuit-breakers without integral overcurrent protection for household and similar uses (RCCBs)
BS EN 61009-1 : 2004
Residual current operated circuit-breakers with integral overcurrent protection for household and similar uses (RCBOs)
Characteristics of RCDs
RCDs are defined by a series of electrical characteristics, three main characteristics are:
1. The rating of the device in amperes, ( I ) :
2. The rated residual operating current of the protective device in amperes, I∆n:
3. Whether the device operates instantaneously or incorporates an intentional time delay to permit discrimination. Such devices are called ‘S’ or Selective :
Devices are manufactured with different values of rated current and rated residual operating current but we will just consider the rated residual operating current of the protective device in amperes, I∆n:
Discrimination
Where two, or more, RCDs are connected in series, discrimination must be provided, if necessary, to prevent danger (Regulation 531-2-9 refers). During a fault, discrimination will be achieved when the device electrically nearest to the fault operates and does not affect
other upstream devices. Discrimination will be achieved when ‘S’ (Selective) types are used in conjunction with downstream general
type RCDs. The ‘S’ type has a built-in time delay and provides discrimination by simply ignoring the fault for a set period of time allowing more sensitive downstream devices to operate and remove the fault. For example, when two RCDs are connected in series, to provide discrimination, the first RCD should be an ‘S’ type. RCDs with built in time delays should not be used to provide personal protection.
Testing
RCDs must be tested. The requirements are stated in the following Regulations:
The effectiveness of the RCD must be verified by a test simulating an appropriate fault condition and independent of any test facility, or
test button, incorporated in the device (Regulation 613-13-1)
Tests are made on the load side of the RCD between the phase conductor of the protected circuit and the associated cpc. Any load or appliances should be disconnected prior to testing. RCD test instruments require a few milliamperes to operate; this is
normally obtained from the phase and neutral of the circuit under test. When testing a three-phase RCD protecting a three-wire circuit, the instrument’s neutral is required to be connected to earth. This means that the test current will be increased by the instrument supply current and will cause some devices to operate during the 50% test, possibly indicating an incorrect operating time. Under this circumstance it is necessary to check the operating parameters of the RCD with the manufacturer before failing the RCD.
Integral Test Device ( Functional Testing ) 612.13
An integral test device is incorporated in each RCD. This device enables the mechanical parts of the RCD to be
verified by pressing the button marked ‘ T’ or ‘Test’ :
Test Instrument
The test instrument used to test RCDs should be capable of applying the full range of test current to an in-service
accuracy, as given in BS EN 61557-6. This in-service reading accuracy will include the effects of voltage
variations around the nominal voltage of the tester. To check RCD operation and to minimise danger during the test, the test current
should be applied for no longer than 2s. Instruments conforming to BS EN 61557-6 will fulfil the above requirements.
● “ OLD RCDs “
General Purpose RCDs to BS-4293 & Protected Sockets-Outlets BS-7288 :
( 240V – 50Hz – 80A – Load BS-4293 RCD ) ↔ ( BS-Number : Only = 200mS ) 50% of operating current : Device should Not Operate ;
100% of Operating current : Device should Operate in Less than 200mS :
Where the RCD incorporates an intentional time delay it should trip within a time range from 50% of the rated time delay plus 200ms’
to 100 % of the rated time delay plus 200ms
● “ NEW RCDs “
General Purpose RCBOs BS-EN 61009-1 ↔ ( BS-EN = Only 300mS )
General Purpose RCCBs BS-EN 61008-1 ( BS-EN 61008-1 : 230V ( 80A – 30mA – 230V )
50% of operating current Device should Not operate :
100% of operating current Device should operate in less than 300mS :
unless it is of ‘Type S’ (or selective) which incorporates an intentional time delay. In this case, it should trip within a time range from 130ms to 500ms ( Appendix 3 , page - 243 )
Additional Protection : Test current at 5 I∆n : I∆n ≤ 30mA / Device should Operate in Less than ( 40mS )

What is an RCD and what does it do? “ Definitions “ p / 29
An RCD is defined, in BS 7671, as: ‘A mechanical switching device or association of devices intended to cause the opening of the contacts when the residual current attains a given value under specified conditions’.
 
“ 2392-10 “ :eek: 17th Edition of the IEE Wiring
Regulations on the 1st January 2008 has major implications for all electrical contractors, designers
and consultants. From 1st July 2008 all new electrical installations will have to be designed to comply with the new regulations : The biggest area of concern at present is the effect on an individual’s home being wired or re-wired.
there are five aspects that the 17th Edition identifies as requiring consideration for installations that are not under the supervision of skilled people (e.g. qualified electricians) or instructed people (e.g. facilities managers) – i.e. most domestic
installations,
● Socket outlets for general use in domestic installations must have the additional protection of an RCD Not exceeding 30mA (regulation 411.3.3 )
● All circuits in locations containing a bath or shower must be protected by an RCD not exceeding 30mA ( Regulation 701.411.3.3 )
● Cables buried in a wall or partition at a depth of less than 50mm, and not mechanically protected by appropriate earthed metal, must be protected by an RCD not exceeding 30mA ( Regulations 522.6.6–8 )
● To prevent nuisance tripping, unnecessary hazards, and minimise inconvenience, circuits should not be connected to a single upstream RCD ( Regulation 314.1 )
● Separate circuits shall not be affected by the failure of other circuits ( Regulation 314.2 )
When designing the installation and selecting the correct assembly, the electrician will need to consider the above
five aspects, in accordance with the regulations. It is not solely the function of a particular consumer unit that has
one, two or three RCDs with an incomer isolator to solve the problem of meeting the 17th Edition regulations.
assembly to ensure that the installation complies with the 17th Edition regulations.
Everything starts ;
When designing an installation in a new build project, there are various options to consider, in order to satisfy
the requirements of the 17th Edition. For example, consider burying the cables more than 50mm into the
walls, or protect the cable with earthed metal, to remove the need for RCD protection. Once the wiring scheme has been finalised, the process of selecting how best to protect the circuits and the people can begin.
The regulations are open to interpretation, particularly regarding the division of installations, where acceptable levels of inconvenience resulting from a fault can be somewhat subjective. ( See page 11 for Regulations 314.1 and 314.2. )
● ( FCA ) Fully Compliant Assembly : ←
● ( PCA ) Partially Compliant Assembly : ←
● ( NCA ) Non-Compliant Assembly : potentially dangerous ; ←
to satisfy all aspects where an RCD has to be used for safety reasons but does not comply with all parts of regulation 314; a Non-Compliant Assembly is judged to satisfy neither safety aspects nor regulation 314. :
Customers are looking for a competitive offering, balanced with potential safety aspects and avoiding the
hazards and nuisance that a short circuit trip, overload condition or earth leakage may cause.
For “ example “ a consumer unit with an isolator and double RCD (see page 3 Example A) is often promoted as a way of meeting the 17th Edition regulations on the basis that every circuit is protected by an RCD, and the circuits split evenly between two RCDs. However, in the event of a fault on either set of MCBs, the RCD may trip as well. This creates an unwanted disconnection of the MCBs where no fault exists (contrary to section 314.1) and also causes unwanted disconnection of other circuits ( contrary to section 314.2 ).
A dual RCD split load board will meet the 17th Edition requirements for the following: :
● Socket outlets for general use in domestic installations must have the additional protection of an RCD not
exceeding 30mA.
● All circuits in locations containing a bath or shower must be protected by an RCD not exceeding 30mA.
● Cables buried in a wall or partition at a depth of less than 50mm, and not mechanically protected by appropriate earthed metal, must be protected by an RCD not exceeding 30mA :
However, depending on the installation design, it is unlikely to satisfy the regulations on:
*To prevent nuisance tripping, unnecessary hazards, and minimise inconvenience, circuits should not be connected to a single upstream RCD. )
* Separate circuits shall not be affected by the failure of other circuits. In the event of a fault on either set of MCBs, the RCD may trip as well. This creates an unwanted disconnection of the MCBs where no fault exists (contrary to section
314.1) and also causes unwanted disconnection of other circuits (contrary to section 314.2 ).
Prior to the 17th Edition, lights have not been part of the RCD circuit as they tend to trip the RCD whenever an incandescent bulb fails, for example, causing unacceptable nuisance. Having the lights in the same circuit may cause nuisance disconnection to any other circuit supplied on the RCD. In addition there is a smoke alarm and a light circuit
on the same RCD, so every time the light circuit trips (when a bulb fails) the house and the alarm circuit could be disabled, putting the occupants at risk of a fire not being detected. The safety implications of this configuration by not
addressing the requirements of section 314 make this a Non-Compliant Assembly :

● ( PCA ) Partially Compliant Assembly : ←
A split load board with independent RCBOs will meet the17th Edition requirements for the following:
● Socket outlets for general use in domestic installations must have the additional protection of an RCD not exceeding 30mA.
● All circuits in locations containing a bath or shower must be protected by an RCD not exceeding 30mA.
● Cables buried in a wall or partition at a depth of less than 50mm, and not mechanically protected by
appropriate earthed metal, must be protected by an RCD not exceeding 30mA :

However, depending on the installation design, whilst this layout takes into account the danger arising from the
failure of a single circuit (such as lighting) it does not fully comply with :
* To prevent nuisance tripping, unnecessary hazards, and minimise inconvenience, circuits should not be connected to a single upstream RCD.
* Separate circuits shall not be affected by the failure of other circuits :
It may be advisable to have a socket circuit on a separate circuit. In larger residential properties it would be advisable to separate the downstairs circuit or the kitchen circuit from the other circuits supplied by a sole RCD to ensure that in the event of a fault there would be at least one power circuit available. Prior to the 17th Edition, it was common to have all
socket power circuits supplied from one RCD with no account of the implications for safety or significant inconvenience being apparent. However, the increasing number of electronic devices now found in a home results in a greater amount of earth leakage current that may lead to a tripping of the RCD and fall foul of 531.2.4.
( Note Also depending on the wiring scheme the smoke detector may not need to be an RCBO. )

Main switch with RCBOs on all circuits : ● ( FCA ) Fully Compliant Assembly : ←


A standard main switch disconnector controlled consumer unit with RCBOs for every outgoing circuit instead of the usual MCBs, will fully comply with the 17th Edition regulations. A fault on any circuit will not impact on other circuits, and so all aspects of the regulations are satisfied.:
● Socket outlets for general use in domestic installations must have the additional protection of an RCD not exceeding 30mA.
● All circuits in locations containing a bath or shower must be protected by an RCD not exceeding 30mA.
● Cables buried in a wall or partition at a depth of less than 50mm, and not mechanically protected by appropriate earthed metal, must be protected by an RCD not exceeding 30mA.
● To prevent nuisance tripping, unnecessary hazards, and minimise inconvenience, circuits should not be connected to a single upstream RCD.
● Separate circuits shall not be affected by the failure of other circuits.

Main switch with RCBOs on critical circuits : ● ( FCA ) Fully Compliant Assembly : ←

By looking closely at the wiring scheme in an installation, the assembly can be made more cost effective by using MCBs to protect some circuits rather than RCBOs, without compromising compliance with the 17th Edition.
For example, at the point of cable entry to the consumer unit, incoming and outgoing cable runs are all encased in suitable ‘metal trunking’ or buried deeper than 50mm, so do not require RCD protection. As none of the cables are in the walls, the smoke alarms similarly do not require RCD protection. The burglar alarm system may have its own trunking or metal covering for the supply to the main control
console. If it does, and all the other devices are low voltage or cable runs in the ceiling, then this too could be MCB protected. This will depend on the wiring scheme employed for this ancillary piece of equipment. You could also decide that the immersion heater cable and cooker point (without socket) are in areas where they can be surface mounted and shrouded inside a short length of conduit, or buried deeper than 50mm in the wall.
This example illustrates that by analysing the wiring scheme, RCBOs can be replaced with MCBs, reducing the
costs whilst still providing a Fully Compliant Assembly ( FCA ).
 
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Split load board with RCBOs on critical circuits : ● ( PCA ) Partially Compliant Assembly : ←

By reviewing the wiring scheme employed with the split load assembly proposed the cost of the finished assembly can be reduced, and partial compliance with the regulations achieved. The split load board laid out here will meet the17th Edition requirements for the following:
● Socket outlets for general use in domestic installations must have the additional protection of an RCD not exceeding 30mA.
● All circuits in locations containing a bath or shower must be protected by an RCD not exceeding 30mA.
● Cables buried in a wall or partition at a depth of less than 50mm, and not mechanically protected by appropriate earthed metal, must be protected by an RCD not exceeding 30mA.:
However, depending on the installation design, it is unlikely to satisfy the regulations on:
* To prevent nuisance tripping, unnecessary hazards, and minimise inconvenience, circuits should not be connected to a single upstream RCD.
* Separate circuits shall not be affected by the failure of other circuits. :
there is still the risk of one circuit failure impacting on another (regulation 314.2); however the level of inconvenience could be considered to be acceptable (only the sockets and showers are affected ), and no hazard or safety issues are inherent. Again, the installer will need to consider the amount of leakage in the installation, due to electronic devices in the house, and it may be a consideration to split the power sockets and have one of them on an RCBO.
The end result is that no base consumer unit exists that complies with the 17th Edition. The choice of
consumer unit and the configuration of devices within it can only be made after the wiring scheme has been finalised. :

Key extracts from 17th Edition of the IEE Wiring Regulations BS 7671 : 2008 ;)

314 Division of Installation
314.1 Every installation shall be divided into circuits, as necessary, to (i) avoid hazards and minimize inconvenience in the event of a fault(iii) take account of danger that may arise from the failure of a single circuit such as a lighting circuit.314.2 Separate circuits shall be provided for parts of the installation which need to be separately controlled, in such a way that those circuits are not affected by the failure of other circuits, and due account shall be taken of the consequences of the operation of any single protective device.
411.3.3 Additional protection
In a.c. systems, additional protection by means of an RCD in accordance with Regulation 415.1 shall be provided for:(i) socket-outlets with a rated current not exceeding 20A that are for use by ordinary persons and are intended for general use.
531.2.4 An RCD shall be so selected and the electrical circuits so sub divided that any protective conductor current which may be expected to occur during normal operation of the connected load(s) will be unlikely to cause unnecessary tripping of the device.
Section 701 Locations containing a bath or shower
701.411.3.3 Additional protection by RCDs
Additional protection shall be provided for all circuits of the location, by the use of one or more RCDs having the characteristics specified in Regulation 415.1.1 (30mA RCD)
( Note: see regulations 314.1 and 531.2.4. )

Note: There are exceptions when the socket outlets are used by skilled or instructed persons, but not relevant in residential property. For example 411.3.3 relates to socket outlets located anywhere in a home, including the socket in the cooker outlet. However RCD protection for the cooker outlet is required if any of the cables are buried in the wall and not deeper than 50mm, as indicated in 522.6

Fire Alarms : ;)

The entire system should be tested to ensure that it operates satisfactorily and that, in particular,
automatic fire detectors and any manual call points function correctly when tested. Smoke detectors should
be smoke tested with a simulated smoke aerosol that will not damage the detector. Heat detectors should be
tested by means of a suitable heat source unless detector damage would otherwise result. The heat
source should not have the ability to cause a fire. A live flame should not be used.
It should be established that any interlinking works and that sounders operate correctly.
Manufacturer’s tests should be carried out.

Certification :
A certificate should have been issued to the user and this should be available for inspection. For Grade F
systems a certificate should be issued if installed by a professional installer.

User instructions :
The supplier of the fire alarm system should provide the user with operating instructions, which should be
sufficient to enable a lay person to understand, operate and maintain the system. Silencing and disablement facilities should be explained but it should be stressed that system readiness must not be compromised. Recommended action in the event of a
fire must stress the importance of all occupants leaving the building as quickly as possible and that
the fire service is summoned immediately regardless

Routine testing and maintenance :
instructions to users must stress the importance of routine testing. The system should be tested weekly by
pushing the test button. If the dwelling has been unoccupied for a period during which the supply (yes)
could have failed, the occupier should check that the system has not suffered total power failure and is still operable.

Maintenance :
Smoke alarms in Grade D, E and F systems should be cleaned periodically in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions. Where experience shows that undue deposits of dust and dirt are likely to
accumulate, so affecting the performance of the system before detectors are cleaned or changed, more frequent
cleaning or changing should be carried out.

Commissioning :

The system should be inspected. Electrical tests made to the mains supply circuit
should include earth continuity, polarity, and earth fault loop impedance. Insulation tests should be made
of all installed cables as required by BS 7671. Electronic equipment should be disconnected to avoid damage.

Supply to a Grade E system where the installation forms part of a TT system.
The 100 mA time-delayed RCD provides protection for the fire alarm system ( and other circuits )
and operates independently of the RCD protection for the socket-outlets


main switch
( 100 mA time delayed RCD )
S-type, double pole to BS EN 61008 :

interconnected by wiring should be connected on a single final circuit. Note that certain alarms are radio linked and such alarms
need not be on the same final circuit ,
Wiring systems :
All cables should be selected and installed in accordance with the requirements of BS 7671 and the recommendations of BS 5839-6.

“ RCCB “ ;)

Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB). This is a term that does not appear in the current wiring regs, and does not have a consistent definition or usage. Some manufacturers use it to differentiate RCDs without overcurrent protection from those with it ( i.e. RCBOs ).
Nuisance trips :
A Nuisance trip is an unexpected operation of a RCD that does not appear to be related to an immediately obvious fault. There can be many reasons that these trips occur, some indicate that there is a latent problem with the electrical installation, some may indicate the presence of a serious but as yet unobserved fault, and others may be the result of a minor fault that in itself poses little or no risk ,
Tracing the cause of nuisance tripping can prove to be very difficult and time consuming.

What causes nuisance trips :
Using the wrong busbar
If you have a new circuit that trips the moment you attempt to draw power from it, the most likely cause is common wiring mistake in the CU. Split load CUs will have two or more sections, with a dedicated neutral bus bar for each. If you connect the live of a circuit to a MCB on a section of the CU protected by an RCD, but return the neutral to a bus bar not associated with that RCD, you will get an immediate trip sine the RCD can only "see" one half of the current flow. The same logic applies if using a RCBO, then the neutral for the circuit must be returned to the neutral connection on the RCBO ( and the RCBO's flying neutral wire in turn connected to the appropriate neutral bus bar in the CU).
Excess earth leakage
The RCDs operating principle is to measure the current imbalance between that flowing into and out of a circuit down live and neutral wires. In an ideal world the current difference would be zero, however in the real world there are a various different types of equipment that will legitimately have a small amount of leakage to earth, even operating normally. If the RCD is protecting too many such devices then it is possible that the cumulative result of all these small leakages will be enough to either
● trip the RCD
● or by passing most of the RCD's trip threshold current, make the RCD excessively sensitive to any additional leakage currents
 
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“ Domestic RCD “ :rolleyes:
This is a deprecated way of installing an RCD such that a single low trip threshold device ( typically 30mA ) protects all the circuits in a property. While counter to the advice given in the present wiring regulations. installations of this type are still commonly found. Whole house RCDs are very vulnerable to nuisance trips, and any such trips remove all power to the property
Wiring faults :
Fault : Neutral to Earth shorts ,
Mechanism :
A particularly problematic fault is a short between neutral and earth on a circuit. Since Neutral and earth are nominally going to be at a similar potential (especially in buildings with TN-C-S / PME . earthing
You can arrive at a situation where the current flow between neutral and earth is lower than the trip threshold of the RCD some of the time, however once the neutral current reaches a high enough level, its potential will be "pulled" away from that of the earth, and you get increased leakage current flow which may cause a trip. Needless to say this threshold will often be reached during transient current peaks caused by equipment being switched on or off.

Insulation breakdown or damage :
As cables and wires age, their Insulation can become less effective .

Faulty RCD :
One obvious possibility (and often overlooked) is that the RCD itself is actually faulty and not tripping at the correct current. A RCD that refuses to reset even when all output connections are removed is an obvious candidate for landfill. Swapping the device with a known good one, or using a RCD test facility , are other ways of finding faulty RCDs. Many RCDs include a "test" button that verifies the unit functions. This simulates a imbalance current internally, which causes the device to operate. Note however that because the test current may be several times the trip threshold, it does not test if the trip threshold has drifted too low or the mechanism has become slow - only that the trip detection and basic mechanics still work.
How to locate the cause of nuisance trips :
There are a number of empirical tests or experiments that you can try to narrow down the source of the problem. We cover some here. The first job is to identify which circuits the RCD is protecting. There is no need to concentrate efforts on examining circuits that are not connected and hence can not be affecting the outcome!
“ Techniques to try “
Do what : Turn off circuits in turn ,
Why : You may be able to identify which circuit is causing the problem by isolating circuits in turn, and seeing which prevents the trip from reoccurring ,

“ Remove appliances from suspect circuits “

Disconnecting appliances from suspect circuits can let you identify if the fault is in an appliance (the most common situation) or the circuits fixed wiring. If you still get trips with everything disconnected then you may have a wiring fault.
If it looks like appliances are to blame, you can apply the "binary chop" principle to narrow down the field quickly - i.e. unplug half of them and see what happens. If it still trips you know in which half the dodgy appliance probably is. The carry on in the same way - halving the list of remaining suspects, until you get close to the answer. (This method isn't bulletproof with RCDs.)
“ Check the likely culprits “
Identifying which appliances you have from the "high risk" categories listed above can help to take you to the cause of the trouble faster :

“ Check the likely culprits “
Identifying which appliances you have from the "high risk" categories listed above can help to take you to the cause of the trouble faster :

“ Identify coincidental factors “
Check for any patterns and relationships between trips and other events. Do they occur only in Damp
weather, or only at certain times of day, or only when the Freezer switches on, or the Central Heating
Pay particular attention to automated systems ( timers, thermostats etc ) that can be controlling significant bits of electrical equipment in your home without your manual intervention .

Notes on Schedule of Test Results ( 2392-10 ) Nice Wording for 2391 ←← :D

* (1) Type of Supply : is Ascertained from the Distributor or by Inspection ,
* (2) (Ze) at Origin : when the Maximum Value Declared by the Distributor is Used , the Effectiveness of the Earth must be Confirmed by Test , if Measured the Main Bonding will need to be Disconnected for the Duration of the Test ,

* (3) Prospective Fault Current ( PFC ) the Value Recorded is the Greater of Either the Short-Circuit Current or the Earth Fault Current
Preferably Determined by Enquiry of the Distributor ,

* (4) Short-Circuit Capacity : of the Device is Noted , see table 7.2 - OSG – table 2.4 – GN3
The Following Tests , where Relevant , shall be Carried Out in the following Sequence :
Continuity of Protective Conductors , including Main & Supplementary Bonding .
Every Protective Conductor , including Main & Supplementary Bonding Conductors , should be Tested to Verify that it is Continuous and Correctly Connected
* (6) Continuity :
Where Test Method (1) is Used , Enter the Measured Résistance of the Line Conductor Plus the Circuit Protective Conductor ( R1 + R2 )
See 10.3.1 – OSG – 2.7.5. – GN3 : During the Continuity Testing ( Test Method 1 ) the following Checks are to be Carried Out :
(a) Every Fuse and Single-Pole Control and Protective Device is Connected in the Line Conductor Only
(b) Centre- Contact Bayonet & Edison Screw Lampholders have Outer Contact Connected to Neutral Conductor
(c) Wiring is Correctly Connected to Socket-Outlet & Similar Accessories , Compliance is to be Indicated by a Tick in Polarity Colum ( 11 ) ,
( R1 + R2 ) need Not be Recorded if ( R2 ) in Column ( 7 )
* (7) Where Test Method (2) is Used , the Maximum Value of ( R2 ) is Recorded in Column ( 7)
See 10.3.1 – OSG – 2.7.5 – GN3
* (8) Continuity of the Ring-Final Circuit Conductors
A Test shall be Made to Verify the Continuity of Each Conductor Including the Protective Conductor of Every Ring-Final Circuit
See 10.3.2 – OSG – 2.7.6.- GN3
* (9) * (10) Insulation Résistance :
All Voltage Sensitive Devices to be Disconnected or Test Between Live Conductors’ ( Line & Neutral ) Connected together & Earth , The Insulation Résistance between Live Conductors’ is to be Inserted in Column ( 9)
The Minimum Insulation Résistance Values are Given tables : 10.1 – OSG – 2.2 – GN3 :
( All the Preceding Tests should be Carried Out before the Installation is Energised )
* (11) Polarity :
A Satisfactory Polarity Test may be Indicated by a Tick in Column ( 11 )
Only in a Schedule of Test Results Associated with a Periodic Inspection Report is it Acceptable to Record Incorrect Polarity ,
* (12) Earth Fault Loop Impedance ( Zs )
This may be Determined Either by direct Measurement at the Further Point of a Live Circuit or by Adding ( R1 + R2 ) of Column
6 to ( Ze . Zs ) is Determined by Measurement at the Origin of the Installation or Preferably the Value Declared by the Supply Company Used , ( Zs = Ze + ( R1 + R2 ) – Zs should be Less than the Values given in Appendix 2 – OSG or Appx 2 – GN3
* (13) Functional Testing :
The Operation of RCDs ( including RCBOs ) shall be Tested by Simulating a Fault Condition , Independent of any Test Facility in the Device . Record Operating time Column (13) Effectiveness of the Test button must be Confirmed ,
See : Section (11) – OSG or 2.7.15 / 2.7.18 – GN3 ,
* (14) All Switchgear & Controlgear Assemblies , Drivers , Control & Interlocks, etc must be Operated to ensure that they are Properly Mounted , Adjusted , and Installed : Satisfactory Operation is Indicated by a tick in Column (14) ,
( Earth Electrode Resistance )
The Earth Electrode Resistance of ( TT ) Installations must be Measured , and Normally an RCD is Required ,
For Reliability in Service the Resistance of any Earth Electrode should be below ( 200Ω ) Record the Value on form 1- 2 - 6 ,
As Appropriate , see 10.3.5 – OSG or 2.7.12 – GN3
 
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“ Isolation of individual circuits” ;)

Where it is not practical to isolate a distribution board, individual circuits supplied from it can be isolated
by one of the methods described below, depending on the type of protective device used. However, bear
in mind the overriding advice to avoid energising any outgoing electrical distribution services, preferably
until the distribution switchgear and all connected circuits are complete and have been inspected and the
relevant tests carried out.
If any items required to carry out the procedures recommended below are not manufactured for the DB in
question or cannot be obtained through retail/trade outlets, it is acceptable to disconnect the circuit from
the DB as long as the disconnected tails are made safe by being coiled or insulated. Suitable labelling of the
disconnected conductors is important to prevent the supply being re-instated, particularly if other
electricians are present.
It should be remembered that work carried out inside a live DB is regarded as live working when there is
access to exposed live conductors. In this case the appropriate precautions should be taken as described in
HSG85 with respect to Regulation 14 of the Electricity at Work Regulations.
i. Isolation of individual circuits protected by circuit breakers
Where circuit breakers are used the relevant device should be locked-off using an appropriate locking-off
clip with a padlock which can only be opened by a unique key or combination. The key or combination
should be retained by the person carrying out the work.
Note
Some DBs are manufactured with ‘Slider Switches’ to disconnect the circuit from the live side of the circuit
breaker. These devices should not be relied upon as the only means of isolation for circuits as the wrong
switch could easily be operated on completion of the work.
ii. Isolation of individual circuits protected by fuses
Where fuses are used, the simple removal of the fuse is an acceptable means of disconnection. Where
removal of the fuse exposes live terminals that can be touched, the incoming supply to the fuse will need to
be isolated. To prevent the fuse being replaced by others, the fuse should be retained by the person carrying
out the work, and a lockable fuse insert with a padlock should be fitted as above. A caution notice should
also be used to deter inadvertent replacement of a spare fuse. In addition, it is recommended that the
enclosure is locked to prevent access as stated above under ‘Isolation using a main switch or distribution
board (DB) switch-disconnector’.
Note
In TT systems, the incoming neutral conductor cannot reliably be regarded as being at earth potential.
This means that for TT supplies, a multi-pole switching device which disconnects the phase and neutral
conductors must be used as the means of isolation. For similar reasons, in IT systems all poles of the
supply must be disconnected. Single pole isolation in these circumstances is not acceptable.

“ Electrical Permits-to-Work “
An electrical permit-to-work must be used for work on HV systems that have been made dead, and can
be useful in certain situations for LV work. These permits are primarily a statement that a circuit or item
of equipment is isolated and safe to work on. They must not be used for live working as this can cause confusion..

“ Caution Notices “ :confused:
In all instances where there is a foreseeable risk that the supply could be reinstated as above, an
appropriate “caution” notice should be placed at the point of isolation. For DBs with ‘multiple
isolations’ a single suitably worded notice on each DB, such as the example shown below, would suffice:

* CAUTION: THIS DISTRIBUTION BOARD HAS A NUMBER OF CIRCUITS THAT ARE :eek:
SEPARATELY ISOLATED. CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN WHEN REINSTATING THE
SUPPLY TO AN INDIVIDUAL CIRCUIT THAT IT HAS BEEN CORRECTLY IDENTIFIED.

Question 1 : ;)
State the necessary action that should be taken by an inspector on discovering a damaged socket outlet with exposed live parts during a periodic inspection and test :
GN-3 ( Required Competence )
Make an immediate recommendation to the client to isolate the defective part :
Question 2 :
State the documentation that should accompany an Installation Certificate or Periodic Inspection Report :
GN-3 ( Certificates & Reports )
1. Schedule of items inspected :
2. Schedule of test results :
Question 3 :
Why is it necessary to undertake an initial verification ?
GN-3 ( Initial Verification ) G
1. Confirm that installation complies with designers intentions :
2. Constructed, inspected and tested to BS- 7671:2008 :
Question 4 :
State the requirements of Part 6 of BS- 7671 with regard to initial verification :
GN-3 ( Initial Verification )
1. All equipment and material complies with applicable British Standards or acceptable equivalents :
2. All parts of the installation are correctly selected and erected :
3. Not visibly damaged or defective :
Question 5 :
Identify FIVE non-statutory documents that a person undertaking an inspection and test need to refer to
General Knowledge
1. BS -7671:2008 :
2. IEE On-Site Guide :
3. GS 38 :
4. Guidance Note 3 :
5. Memorandum of Guidance to The Electricity at Work Regulations :
Question 6 :
Which non-statutory document recommends records of all maintenance including test results be kept throughout the life of an installation ?
GN-3 ( Initial Verification )
Memorandum of Guidance to The Electricity at Work Regulations (Regulation 4(2) :
Question 7 :
Appendix 6 of BS 7671 allows the use of three forms for the initial certification of a new installation or for an alteration or an addition to an existing installation. State the title given each of these certificates :
GN-3 ( Initial Verification )
1. Multiple signature Electrical Installation Cert :
2. Single signature Electrical Installation Cert :
3. Minor Electrical Installation Works Certificate :
Question 8 :
Under what circumstances would it be appropriate to issue a single signature Electrical Installation Certificate ?
GN-3 ( Certificates )
Where design, construction inspection and testing is the responsibility of one person :
Question 9 :
State the information that should be made available to the inspector:
GN-3 ( Required Information )
1. Maximum demand :
2. Number and type of live conductors at the origin :
3. Type of earthing arrangements :
4. Nominal voltage and supply frequency :
5. Prospective fault current ( PFC ) :
6. External Impedance Ze :
7. Type and rating of overcurrent device at the origin :
Question 9 ( cont,d ) :
The following information should also be made available :
GN-3 ( Required Information )
1 Type and composition of circuits, including points of utilisation, number and size of conductors and type of cable :
2. Methods of compliance for indirect shock protection :
3. Identification and location of devices used for protection, isolation and switching :
4. Circuits or equipment vulnerable to testing :
Question 10 :
Where should the proposed interval between periodic inspections should be noted :
GN-3 ( Frequency )
1. On the Electrical Installation Certificate :
2. On a notice fixed in a prominent position at or near the origin of an installation :
Question 11 :
State in the Correct Sequence the first FIVE tests that would need to be undertaken on an A1 ring circuit during an initial verification :
1. Continuity of protective conductors :
2. Continuity of ring final circuit conductors :
3. Insulation resistance :
4. Polarity :
5. Impedance Zs :
Question 12 :
State TWO disadvantages of using Method 2 in order to verify the continuity of c.p.c.’s :
GN-3 ( Test Method 2 )
1. Long wander lead :
2. Gives R :
does not provide R :
 
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Question 14 :
State the British Standard number for a transformer used to provide electrical separation :+
GN-3 ( Electrical Separation )
Transformer complies with BS 3535 , Note: Transformer double-wound type :
Question 15 :
List FOUR types of external influence that affect the safety/operation of an electrical installation :
GN-3 ( Electrical Separation )
1. Ambient temperature :
2. Heat :
3. Water :
4. Corrosion :
Question 16 :
Identify the TWO procedures required when verifying the continuity of a ferrous enclosure used as a c.p.c. for a circuit
GN-3 ( Test Method 2 )
1. Inspect the enclosure throughout its length :
2. Carry out low resistance ohmmeter test :
Question 17 :
State in the Correct Sequence the Test required to verify the continuity of a ring final circuit :
GN-3 ( Continuity of Ring Circuit )
1. Identify and measure the resistance of each ring (end to end) r
1 / r :
2 / rn :
2. Apply figure of 8 (cross connection) between phase and neutral conductors at distribution board and then measure resistance between phase/neutral at each socket outlet :
Question 17 : ( con,d )
GN-3 ( Continuity of Ring Circuit )
3. Apply figure of 8 (cross connection) between phase and cpc at origin and measure resistance between phase and cpc at each socket outlet :
Note: where dead Tests are made the supply must be isolated before any work commences:
Question 18 :
The following measurements were taken at the origin of an A :
1 ring circuit. r 1 = 0.4Ω :
2 = 0.67Ω R n = 0.4Ω :
Determine the measured value of resistance at each socket outlet when the ends of the circuit are cross-connected to form a figure 8 :
GN-3 ( Continuity of Ring Circuit )
1. r , 1 + R n = 0.4 + 0.4 = 0.8/4 = 0.2Ω ;
2. r , 1 + r 2 = 0.4 + 0.67 = 1.07/4 = 0.267Ω :
Question 19 :
Identify ONE other test that is automatically performed when undertaking a ring final circuit test :
GN-3 ( Continuity of Ring Final Circuit )
Polarity :
Question 20 :
State FOUR items of equipment/components that may need to be removed prior to carrying out a test for insulation resistance on a circuit :
GN-3 ( Insulation Résistance )
1. Pilot or indicator lamps :
2. Dimmer switches :
3. Touch switches :
4. Electronic r.c.d.’s etc :
Question 21 :
State the test voltage and minimum acceptable value of insulation resistance for the following circuits :
1. 400V 3 phase motor
2. 760V discharge lighting circuit
3. 45V FELV circuit
GN-3 ( table – 61 )
1. 500V d.c. 0.1 MΩ
2. 1000V d.c. 1.0 M
3. 500V d.c. 0.5 M
Question 22 :
State the Correct Sequence for undertaking an insulation resistance test on a filament lamp circuit containing two-way switching :
GN-3 ( Insulation Résistance Testing )
1. Supply must be isolated : ← ← ←
2. All lamps removed :
3. Insulation test between live conductor :
4. Insulation resistance test between live conductors and earth :
5. Two-way switches operated during test
Question 23 :
State the type of test that should be applied where protection against direct contact is by site-applied insulation :
GN-3 ( Site applied Insulation )
1. Test at 3750V a.c :.
2. Apply test voltage for 60 seconds during which time insulation failure or flashover should not occur :
3. Instrument used: Site applied insulation3. Instrument used: Site applied insulation :
Question 24 :
State the THREE specific requirements for verification of polarity with regard to accessories : 612.6 ,
1. All single-pole devices are connected in the phase conductor
2. The centre contact of Edison screw lamps are connected in the phase conductor
3. All socket outlets : wiring has been correctly connected to socket-outlets and similar accessories :
Question 25 :
Identify the test that should be applied to verify polarity after the supply is energised :
GN-3 ( Polarity )
Test to verify correct polarity of the incoming live supply (PES ). Test made at the origin using approved voltage indicator :

Question 26 :
Identify the THREE electrodes used when used with a proprietary earth resistance tester:
GN-3 ( Earth electrode resistance )
1. Main electrode :
2. Potential electrode ( auxiliary electrode ) :
3. Current electrode ( auxiliary electrode ) :
Note: This method can be use for electrodes used for transformers, lightning protection systems etc.:
Question 27 :
State the action to be taken regarding the earthing conductor before measuring the resistance of an earth electrode
GN-3 ( Earth electrode for RCD’s )
Normal 100Ω ← ← ←
Special locations 50Ω
By calculation 50V ÷ 0.5A = 100Ω
Dry 25V ÷ 0.5A = 50Ω
Special Loc,
Question 27 :
State the action to be taken regarding the earthing conductor before measuring the resistance of an earth electrode :
GN-3 ( Earth electrode resistance )
1. Disconnect earthing conductor at MET to avoid parallel earth paths :
2. Do NOT disconnect any protective conductors before isolating the supply :
Question 28 :
State the maximum recommended value of resistance for an earth electrode :
GN-3 ( Earth electrode for RCD’s )
Electrodes having resistances in excess of 200Ω :
will require further investigation.
Note: Electrode resistances obtained in excess of 200Ω :
may indicate unstable soil conditions :
Question 29 :
State the formula used to calculate Impedance
Zs, at the furthest point within a circuit
Zs = Ze + ( R1+R2 ) Where Ze is by measurement or enquiry
and ( R1+R2) by measurement
State the formula used to calculate Impedance Zs, at the furthest point within a circuit :
GN-3 ( Earth Fault Loop )
( Zs = Ze + ( R1+R2 )
Where Ze is by measurement or enquiry and ( R2 ) by measurement :
Question 30 :
State TWO reasons why it is necessary to measure external earth fault loop impedance at the origin of an installation :
GN-3 ( Determining Ze )
1. To verify an earth connection :
2. The value is equal to or less than the value determined by the designer :
Question 31 :
State TWO methods by which the impedance of a circuit may be obtained without operating any r.c.d.’s protecting the circuit :
GN-3 ( Residual current devices )
1. Soft test ( 15mA )
2. By calculation Zs = Ze + ( R1 + R2 )
Question 32 :
Determine the prospective fault current given following information ( Three phase supply 1. Impedance between P and N = 0.25Ω :
2. Impedance between P and E = 0.5Ω :
( General knowledge )
1. 230V ( Uo ) ÷ 0.25 = 920A = 0.92kA
2. 230V ÷ 0.5 = 460A = 0.46kA
3. For three phase multiply P to N value by 2 ( 0.92 x 2 = 1.84kA )
Question 33 :
State the reason for undertaking a prospective fault current measurement at the distribution board at the origin of the installation :
( Prospective fault current )
1. To ensure the adequate breaking capacity of the overcurrent devices :
2. To ensure the adequate breaking capacity of the main switch :
Question 34 :
State the three required electrical Tests required to be undertaken on a 30mA r.c.d. complying with BS 4293
( Functional testing ) Old BS- Only – 200mS
1. 1/2 test - 15mA for 2 seconds - device does not trip ;
2. 1 x test - device tested at full rated current trips within 200mS ( 0.2 seconds ) :
3. 5 x test when tested at 150mS device operates within 40mS :
Question 35 :
State FIVE items of electrical equipment that would require functional testing
( Functional checks )
1. R.c.d.’s :
2. Circuit breakers :
3. Isolators :
4. Interlocks :
5. Switches :
 
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Basic applications MCBs : Apprentice , :rolleyes:
The essential distinction between Type B, C or D devices is based on their ability to handle surge currents without tripping. These are, typically, inrush currents associated with fluorescent and other forms of discharge lighting, induction motors, battery charging equipment etc. BS 7671 specifically refers to Types B and C, and the choice will normally be between these two types :
• Type B devices are generally suitable for domestic applications. They may also be used in light commercial applications where switching surges are low or non-existent.
• Type C devices are the normal choice for commercial and industrial applications where fluorescent lighting, motors etc. are in use.
• Type D devices have more limited applications, normally in industrial use where high inrush currents may be expected. Examples include large battery charging systems, winding motors, transformers, X-ray machines and some types of discharge lighting :
The classification of Types B, C or D is based on the fault current rating at which magnetic operation occurs to provide short time protection ( typically less than 100ms ) against short-circuits. It is important that equipment having high inrush currents should not cause the circuit-breaker to trip unnecessarily, and yet the device should trip in the event of a short-circuit current that could damage the circuit cables :
The tripping characteristics
• Type B devices are designed to trip at fault currents of 3-5 times rated current (In). For example a 10A device will trip at 30-50A.
• Type C devices are designed to trip at 5-10 times In (50-100A for a 10A device ).
• Type D devices are designed to trip at 10-20 times In (100-200A for a 10A device ).
Normal cable ratings relate to continuous service under specified installation conditions. Cables will, of course, carry higher currents for a short time without suffering permanent damage. Type B and C circuit breakers can generally be selected to achieve tripping times that will protect the circuit conductors against normal surge currents in accordance with BS 7671. This is more difficult to achieve with Type D devices, which may require a lower earth loop impedance (Zs) to achieve the operating times required by Regulation 411.4.7 / 411.3.2.3 -
Overcoming unwanted tripping:
Sometimes failure of tungsten filament lamps can trip Type B circuit-breakers in domestic and retail environments. This is caused by high arcing currents occurring at the time of failure and is generally associated with inferior quality lamps. If possible the user should be encouraged to use better quality lamps. If the problem persists then one of the measures listed below should be considered :
A Type C device may be substituted for a Type B device where unwanted tripping persists, especially in commercial applications. Alternatively it may be possible to use a higher rated Type B MCB, say 10A rather than 6A. Whichever solution is adopted, the installation must be in accordance with BS 7671 :
A change from Type C to Type D devices should only be taken after careful consideration of the installation conditions, in particular the operating times required by Regulation 411.4.5 :
Other considerations:
Combined overcurrent and residual current circuit breakers (RCBOs) are available as integrated units or, in one case, as a modular device with a field-fittable clip-on RCD 'pod'. It should be borne in mind that if an RCBO trips it is not always clear whether tripping has been caused by an overcurrent or a residual current. Type B devices should only be used in domestic situations where high inrush currents are unlikely and Type C devices should be used in all other situations.

Short Circuit Capacity: Basic Calculations and Transformer Sizing : ( kVA ) , :rolleyes:

Short circuit capacity calculation is used for many applications: sizing of transformers, selecting the interrupting capacity ratings of circuit breakers and fuses, determining if a line reactor is required for use with a variable frequency drive, etc.
The purpose of the presentation is to gain a basic understanding of short circuit capacity. The application example utilizes transformer sizing for motor loads ,
Conductor impedances and their associated voltage drop are ignored not only to present a simplified illustration, but also to provide a method of approximation by which a plant engineer, electrician or production manager will be able to either evaluate a new application
or review an existing application problem and resolve the matter quickly ,

The following calculations will determine the extra kVA capacity required for a three phase transformer that is used to feed a single three phase motor that is started with full voltage applied to its terminals, or, "across-the-line."

Two transformers will be discussed, the first having an unlimited short circuit kVA capacity available at its primary terminals, and the second having a much lower input short circuit capacity available ,

kVA of a single phase transformer = V x A
kVA of a three phase transformer = V x A x 1.732, where 1.732 = the square root of 3.
The square root of 3 is introduced for the reason that, in a three phase system,
the phases are 120 degrees apart and, therefore, can not be added arithmetically They will add algebraically,

Transformer Connected To Utility Power Line ,

The first transformer is rated 1000 kVA, 480 secondary volts, 5.75% impedance. Rated full load amp output of the transformer is ,

1000 kVA / (480 x 1.732) = 1203 amps :

The 5.75% impedance rating indicates that 1203 amps will flow in the secondary if the secondary is short circuited line to line and the primary voltage is raised from zero volts to a point at which 5.75% of 480 volts, or, 27.6 volts, appears at the secondary terminals. Therefore, the impedance (Z) of the transformer secondary may now be calculated ,

Z = V / I = 27.6 volts / 1203 amps = .02294 ohms :

The transformer is connected directly to the utility power lines which we will assume are capable of supplying the transformer with an unlimited short circuit kVA capacity. The utility company will always determine and advise of the short

With unlimited short circuit kVA available from the utility, the short circuit amperage capacity which the transformer can deliver from its secondary is

480 volts / .02294 = 20,924 amps :

An alternative method of calculating short circuit capacity for the above transformer is:

1203 amps x 100 / 5.75% = 1203 / .0575 = 20,922 amps :

transformer and the value of the short circuit capacity The short circuit capacity is given as 20,900 amps.

Now we are ready to apply a motor to the terminals of the transformer secondary. We must determine the voltage drop which will be
We must determine the voltage drop which will be caused by the motor inrush on start. If the voltage remains within the rated voltage of the motor, then no oversizing ,

of the transformer is required. Motors rated for 460 volts are for use with distribution systems that are rated at
480 volts. The rating system allows a twenty volt drop in the distribution system which may occur along the feeder cables which connect the power transformer to the load.
The NEMA specification for a standard motor is that it requires the motor to be capable of operating at plus or minus 10% of nameplate voltage. Therefore, the voltage drop on inrush should not be allowed to drop below 460 volts less 10%, or, 414 volts ,

The transformer will be asked to supply power to a motor which has a full load amp rating of 1203 amps, which will fully load the transformer. Therefore, we will rate the motor at 460 V x 1203 A x 1.732, or, 958.5 kVA. We will assume that our motor will have an inrush of 600% of its full load rating which will cause an inrush of The transformer will be asked to supply power to a motor which has a full load amp
rating of 1203 amps, which will fully load the transformer. Therefore, we will rate the motor at 460 V x 1203 A x 1.732, or, 958.5 kVA. We will assume that our motor will have an inrush of 600% of its full load rating which will cause an inrush of ,

460 V x 1203 A x 600% x 1.732 = 5751 kVA :

The voltage drop at the transformer terminals will be proportional to the motor load. The voltage drop will be expressed as a percentage of the inrush motor load compared to the maximum capability of the transformer. [2] The transformer has a maximum kVA capacity at its short circuit capability, which is ,

480 V x 20,924 A x 1.732 = 17,395 kVA The voltage drop on motor inrush will be
5751 kVA / 17,395 kVA = .331, or, 33.1% :

The transformer output voltage will drop to 480 x .669, or, 321 volts. Thus, we can see that the transformer is much too small to use a motor that has a full load rating equal to the full load capacity of the transformer

The transformer must be sized so that its short circuit capabilty is equal to or greater than 5751 kVA times 10, or, 57,510 kVA in order to have a voltage drop of 10% or less. Therefore, the short circuit amperage capacity of the transformer to be used must be a minimum of ,



The transformer must be sized so that its short circuit capabilty is equal to or greater than 5751 kVA times 10, or, 57,510 kVA in order to have a voltage drop of 10% or less. Therefore, the short circuit amperage capacity of the transformer to be used must be a minimum of ,

57,510 kVA / (480 V x 1.732) = 69176 amps
 
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A typical 2500 kVA, 5.75% impedance transformer will have a short circuit capacity of 52,300 amps. The next highest standard size transformer at 3750 kVA will have a 6.5% impedance and would have a short circuit output capability of 69,395 amps which will be sufficient. ,


In the particular application discussed, the ratio of the selected standard size transformer kVA to motor kVA is 3750 kVA / 958.5 kVA = 3.91. Thus the transformer rating is 391% larger, or, nearly four times, the rating of the motor. Note the non-linear effect of the impedance rating of the transformers on their short circuit capacities ,

Transformer Connected To An Upstream Transformer ,

The second transformer we will examine will have a finite short circuit capacity available at its primary rather than an unlimited capacity. We will assume that a facility derives its power from the same 1000 kVA transformer mentioned above and that the
second transformer is connected directly to the terminals of the 1000 kVA transformer.
Thus, feeder cables between the two transformers are eliminated and the impedance of cables are not taken into account. However, the smaller the motor leads, the less will be both the short circuit capacity and the voltage delivered to the motor terminals ,

The second transformer, which will have a 480 volt primary and a 480 volt secondary, will be used to power a 20 HP, 3 phase, 460 volt motor which will be started at full voltage. The motor will be the only load on the transformer. The minimum transformer kVA ratings are for use with multiple motors on a single transformer. The 21.6 kVA is calculated as follows:

480 volts x 26 nominal amps x 1.732 = 21.6 kVA

The transformer manufacturers will give a 20 HP motor a nominal full load amp rating of 27 amps, thus allowing no extra capacity:
460 volts x 27 nominal amps x 1.732 = 21.5 kVA ,
One motor manufacturer has rated a 20 HP motor at 26 Full Load Amps, 460 VAC, 205 Locked Rotor Amps, 81% Power Factor. The motor will present a load of , 460 volts x 26 amps x 1.732 = 20.7 kVA ,
The starting motor kVA load with inrush current will be : 460 V x 205 A x 1.732 = 163.3 kVA ,

We will consider using a 30 kVA general purpose transformer to supply the 20 HP motor. The transformer will have a nominal impedance of 2.7% and an ouptut of 36.1 amps at 480 volts. The short circuit current capacity that can be delivered to the 21.6 kVA
transformer by the upstream 1000 kVA transformer is 20,924 amps, or, 17,395 kVA.
The short circuit amperage capacity of a transformer with a limited system short circuit capacity available at its primary is :

transformer full load amps / (transformer impedance + upstream system impedance as seen by the transformer)
Where : upstream system impedance as seen by the transformer = transformer kVA / available primary short circuit capacity kVA
Therefore, ( 36.1 amps / [2.7% + (30 kVA / 17,395 kVA ) = 36.1 / (2.7% + .0017%) = 36.1 / .0287 = 1258 short circuit amps )
The transformer output voltage drop upon motor inrush will be :
motor inrush kVA / short circuit kVA =163.3 kVA / (480 V x 1258 A x 1.732 ) = 163.3 kVA / 1046 kVA =156 = 15.6 % )
A 30 kVA transformer rating is too small as the motor voltage drop will exceed 10% ,

A 45 kVA transformer with a 2.4% impedance and an output of 54.1 amps at 480 volts would have a short circuit capacity of 2034 amps. The voltage drop upon motor inrush would be 9.66% ,

For a single motor and transformer combination, one transformer manufacturer recommends that the motor full load running current not exceed 65% of the transformer full load amp rating. [3] Thus, for our 26 amp motor the transformer rating should be a minimum of 40 amps, or, 33.3 kVA.

The transformer output voltage drop upon motor inrush will be : motor inrush kVA / short circuit kVA =
163.3 kVA / (480 V x 1258 A x 1.732) = 163.3 kVA / 1046 kVA = 156 = 15.6 %
A 30 kVA transformer rating is too small as the motor voltage drop will exceed 10% ,
A 45 kVA transformer with a 2.4% impedance and an output of 54.1 amps at 480 volts would have a short circuit capacity of 2034 amps. The voltage drop upon motor inrush ,
A 45 kVA transformer with a 2.4% impedance and an output of 54.1 amps at 480 volts would have a short circuit capacity of 2034 amps. The voltage drop upon motor inrush would be 9.66%. , A 45 kVA transformer with a 2.4% impedance and an output of 54.1 amps at 480 volts
would have a short circuit capacity of 2034 amps. The voltage drop upon motor inrush
would be 9.66% ,
For a single motor and transformer combination, one transformer manufacturer recommends that the motor full load running current not exceed 65% of the transformer full load amp rating. [3] Thus, for our 26 amp motor the transformer rating should be a minimum of 40 amps, or, 33.3 kVA. ,
Multiple Motors On A Single Transformer ,
The minimum transformer kVA is given by transformer manufacturers so that a transformer may be sized properly for multiple motors. If there are five motors on one transformer, add the minimum kVA ratings and then add transformer capacity as necessary to accommodate the inrush current of the largest motor , The transformer thusly selected will be capable of running and starting all five motors provided that only one motor is started at any one time. Additional capacity will be required for motors starting simultaneously , Also, if any motor is started more than once per hour, add 20% to that motor's minimum kVA rating to compensate for heat losses within the transformer.
Motor Contribution to Short Circuit Capacity ,
When a fault condition occurs, power system voltage will drop dramatically. All motors that are running at that time will not be able to sustain their running speed. As those motors slow in speed, the stored energy within their fields will be discharged into the power line. The nominal discharge of a motor will contribute to the fault a current equal to up to four times its full load current.
With our 1000 kVA, 1203 amp transformer example given above, we will assume that all
1203 amps of load are from motors. The actual short circuit current will equal 20,924 amps
plus 400% of 1203 amps for a total of 25,736 short circuit amps.

When sizing the transformer for motor loads, the fault current contribution from the motors will not be a consideration for sizing. However, the motor contribution must motors will not be a consideration for sizing. However, the motor contribution must be
considered when sizing all branch circuit fuses and circuit breakers. The interrupting capacity ratings of those devices must equal or exceed the total short circuit capacity ratings of those devices must equal or exceed the total short circuit capacity available at the point of application..

Motor contribution to short circuit capacity must be included when adding a variable frequency drive to the system ,

Do you know what an impedance test is ? ;) Max Earth fault loop impedance is ( Zs=Ze+R1+R2 )
You are testing your ( R1 + R2 ) if there is no continuity of your CPC you will have an open circuit.


Easily check your Earth Loop Impedance compliance!
: Cable size and capacity
: Voltage drop in volt and percent
: Maximum length of run
: Fuse or Circuit Breaker size
: Working Temperature
: Fault level
: Minimum trip current needed to comply with Earth loop Impedance test
: Actual let through current
: Maximum impedance values (Ze) and the actual impedance values (in ohms)
: Total impedance values(Zs) for the complete installation (in ohms)

“ Inspection & Testing before into Service “ 2392-10 ;) Electrical Installations should be Inspected and Tested as Necessary and Appropriate During and the End of Installation , Before they are taken into Service , to Verify that they are Safe to Use ,Maintain and Alter and Comply with Part P of the
Building Regulations and with any Other Relevant Parts of the Building Regulations
 
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Machinery and equipment must be maintained in efficient working order, so it is in good repair and kept safe -
This is required by Regulation 5, of the Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998.

What is Three Phase Power ? :rolleyes:

Three phase power is a method of electric power transmission using three wires.
Three phase power systems may have a neutral wire that allows the system to use a higher voltage while still allowing lower voltage single phase appliances. In high voltage distributions, it is not common to have a neutral wire, as the loads can simply be connected between phases :
Three phase power is a very efficient form of electrical power distribution. All three wires carry the same current and have a constantly balanced power load. Three phase power does not generally power domestic houses, and when it does, a main distribution board splits the load. Most domestic loads use single phase power.
Conductors used in the three phase power system are colour-coded. Most countries have their own colour codes. The colour codes of the wires vary greatly. There may be a standard for each installation, or there may be no standard at all :
Three phase power flow begins in a power station. An electrical power generator converts mechanical power into alternating electric currents. After numerous conversions in the distribution and transmission network, the power is transformed into the standard mains voltage. At this point, the power may have already been split into single phases or into three phases. With three phase power, the output of the transformer is usually star connected with the mains voltage, 230 volts in Europe and 120 volts in North America :
Electric motors are the most common use for three phase power. A three phase induction motor combines high efficiency, a simple design and a high starting torque. Three phase electric motors are commonly used in industry for fans, blowers, pumps, compressors and many other kinds of motor driven equipment. A three phase power motor is less costly than a single phase motor of the same voltage and rating :
Other systems that use three phase power include air conditioning equipment, electric boilers and large rectifier systems. The main reasons for using the three phase power system are efficiency and economy. While most three phase motors are quite big, there are examples of very small motors, such as computer fans. An inverter circuit inside the fan converts DC to a three phase AC current. This serves to decrease noise, as the torque from a three phase motor is very smooth, and it also increases reliability :

What are Electrical Transformers ? :rolleyes:
The name itself offers a simple definition. Electrical transformers are used to transform electrical energy. How electrical transformers do so is by altering voltage, generally from high to low. Voltage is simply the measurement of electrons, how many or how strong, in the flow. Electricity can then be transported more easily and efficiently over long distances :
While power line electrical transformers are commonly recognized, there are other various types and sizes as well. They range from huge, multi-ton units like those at power plants, to intermediate, such as the type used on electric poles, and others can be quite small. Those used in equipment or appliances in your home or place of businesses are smaller electrical transformers and there are also tiny ones used in items like microphones and other electronics :
Probably the most common and perhaps the most necessary use of various electrical transformers is the transportation of electricity from power plants to homes and businesses. Because power often has to travel long distances, it is transformed first into a more manageable state. It is then transformed again and again, or “stepped down,” repeatedly as it gets closer to its destination :
When the power leaves the plant, it is usually of high voltage. When it reaches the substation the voltage is lowered. When it reaches a smaller transformer, the type found on top of electric poles, it is stepped down again. It is a continuous process, which repeats until the power is at a usable level :
You have likely seen the type of electrical transformers that sit on top of electric poles. These, like most electrical transformers, contain coils or “windings” that are wrapped around a core. The power travels through the coils. The more coils, the higher the voltage. On the other hand, fewer coils mean lower voltage :
Electrical transformers have changed industry. Electric power distribution is now more efficient than ever. Transformers have made it possible to transfer power near and far, in a timely, efficient, and more economical manner. Since many people do not wish to live in close proximity to a power plant, there is the added benefit of making it possible for homes and businesses that are quite a distance from power plants to obtain dependable, affordable electricity. Much of the electricity used today will have passed through many electrical transformers before it reaches users. Power distribution :

What are AC Motors ? :rolleyes:
There are many different types and sizes of electric motors. Electric motors can be divided into two types: Alternating Current (AC) motors and Direct Current (DC) motors. An AC electric motor requires an alternating current, while a DC motor requires direct current.
AC motors are further subdivided into single phase and three phase motors. Single phase AC electrical supply is what is typically supplied in a home. Three phase electrical power is commonly only available in a factory setting. The most common single phase AC motor is known as a universal motor. This is because this motor can also run with DC current.
This type of motor is very inefficient but can be very inexpensively made. It is also used almost exclusively for small factional horse power AC motors. The other advantage this AC motor has is that the rotational speed of the motor can be easy changed. This type of AC motor is commonly found in mixers, hand drills, and any other application requiring variable speed and low cost and small size.
For larger single phase AC motors, a electrical component known as a capacitor is used to create a second phase from the single phase AC current. This type of AC motor is known as an induction motor and there are two basic types; a capacitor start motor and a capacitor run motor. The capacitor is used to create a second phase from the single phase power source and it is the interaction between these two phases that causes the motor to turn.
This introduction of a second phase eliminates the need for the brushes used in a universal AC motor. This greatly increases the both the efficiency of the AC motor and increases the life expectancy of the AC motor as brushes are a
major source of wear and failure. This type of motor is a fixed speed motor. It is commonly used as the drive for refrigerator compressors, shop air-compressors, and as a general utility type AC motor.
AC motors are usually sized in horsepower. The most common sizes are what are called fractional horsepower motors, i.e. ½ horse power or ¼ horsepower. Larger motors are typically only found in factories, where they can range in size to thousands of horsepower.
AC motors also come with various speed ratings. Speed is usually specified as rotations per minute (RPM) at no load condition. As the motor is loaded down, the speed will slow down. When the AC motor is running at its rated power draw, the speed of the shaft measured in RPM is the full load speed. If the electric motor is loaded too heavily, the motor shaft will stop. This is known as the stall speed and should be avoided. All of these speeds are typically listed on the specification sheet for an AC motor.
Finally, before you order an AC motor, you should determine the mounting type you require, the start up torque, the type of enclosure required, and the type of shaft output required :
 
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What is the Difference between a Generator and Inverter ? :rolleyes:
The difference between an generator and an inverter may at first seem simple. However, as more research is done, the issue can quickly become confusing, especially to those who are not technically inclined and familiar with types of electricity. For example, while the definitions of an inverter and generator are clearly distinct, there are such things as inverter generators. However, though the terms may seem contradictory, they can be explained fairly easily.
Before discussing the difference between an inverter and generator, it is first necessary to understand a little about electrical currents. Electricity is divided into two types of currents, alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC). AC, a more common current for home use, works by allowing electrons to flow in two different directions. In DC currents, electrons flow only one way.
An inverter takes existing power that comes in the form of DC current and converts it to AC current. This is a popular option for those wanting to run home electronics in automobiles. Such cars often produce on DC current, which is not compatible with most electronics meant to run off standard outlets. Therefore, an inverter becomes necessary.
A generator, on the other hand, is a machine that converts mechanical energy into energy in an electrical form. In most cases, electric generators are responsible for the energy a home receives. Large-scale electrical generators may be powered by coal, natural gas or nuclear energy. A portable generator commonly uses gasoline, which is burned to create electrical energy. Generators usually produce AC electricity.
Simply stated, the difference between the two is that an inverter is only effective if there is already a source of electrical energy. It cannot generate its own. It can simply convert electrical energy that is already there. On the other hand, a traditional generator cannot make AC current into DC current.
On the other hand, there are things known as inverter generators. These are like traditional generators in that they convert some other form of energy into electrical energy. However, they produce AC power, which is then converted to DC power before being converted back to AC. The reason for this conversion is that the power gained during the process. It allows the generator to be more fuel efficient, as well as operate more quietly than standard generators.
Some people also confuse an inverter with a power converter, even using the terms interchangeably. However, a converter is used to change voltage from one level to another. For example, in Europe, a converter may be used to convert the voltage from 220 to 120, for electrical components meant to run on a lower voltage,

What is IPS ? :rolleyes:
IPS, or integrated power systems, is simply a method of ensuring that the power supply needed to keep a place of business functional in the event of a problem with the primary source of energy. With so many of our home and work environments dependent on a steady supply of power, it is no wonder that the concept of IPS has gone from being a good idea to an essential. Here is some background on the concept of IPS and how many companies choose to implement their backup power supply procedures these days :
IPS plans and procedures are nothing new. As far back as the 1940’s, manufacturing facilities relied on backup power stations that could be run with gas generators in the event of a massive power failure. Hospitals also have operated with a full-fledged disaster recovery program that would ensure power to all vital functions, such as oxygen for the patients and enough power to keep operating rooms going in a crisis :
What is different today is that IPS strategies have become more sophisticated as technology has improved and demand for more reliable IPS options has become necessary. Where once a gas generator would be needed to power a small power station, many organizations can now relay on compact battery backups as part of the IPS escalation procedures :
In telephone, everything from switch stations to bridging centres will utilize state of the art battery backup that can last for in excess of twelve hours before losing power. Many IPS plans will still incorporate generator backup as well, usually as a third alternative if it appears that battery backup is about to fail. More frequently, businesses are beginning to incorporate solar panels and battery storage as part of the overall IPS directives for the organization :
The loss of valuable data as a result of a complete shutdown in the face of a power outage could be devastating to any business. Preparing a workable IPS plan, including an escalation procedure for implementing the backup power sources, ensures that even in the face of a short-term problem with a node on the national power grid, life will go on as usual :

What is a DC Motor ? :rolleyes:
A direct current (DC) motor is a fairly simple electric motor that uses electricity and a magnetic field to produce torque, which turns the motor. At its most simple, a DC motor requires two magnets of opposite polarity and an electric coil, which acts as an Electromagnets. The repellent and attractive electromagnetic forces of the magnets provide the torque that causes the DC motor to turn.
If you've ever played with magnets, you know that they are polarized, with a positive and a negative side. The attraction between opposite poles and the repulsion of similar poles can easily be felt, even with relatively weak magnets. A DC motor uses these properties to convert electricity into motion. As the magnets within the DC motor attract and repel one another, the motor turns.
A DC motor requires at least one electromagnet. This electromagnet switches the current flow as the motor turns, changing its polarity to keep the motor running. The other magnet or magnets can either be permanent magnets or other Electromagnets. Often, the electromagnet is located in the centre of the motor and turns within the permanent magnets, but this arrangement is not necessary.
To imagine a simple DC motor, think of a wheel divided into two halves between two magnets. The wheel of the DC motor in this example is the electromagnet. The two outer magnets are permanent, one positive and one negative. For this example, let us assume that the left magnet is negatively charged and the right magnet is positively charged.
Electrical current is supplied to the coils of wire on the wheel within the DC motor. This electrical current causes a magnetic force. To make the DC motor turn, the wheel must have be negatively charged on the side with the negative permanent magnet and positively charged on the side with the permanent positive magnet. Because like charges repel and opposite charges attract, the wheel will turn so that its negative side rolls around to the right, where the positive permanent magnet is, and the wheel's positive side will roll to the left, where the negative permanent magnet is. The magnetic force causes the wheel to turn, and this motion can be used to do work.
When the sides of the wheel reach the place of strongest attraction, the electric current is switched, making the wheel change polarity. The side that was positive becomes negative, and the side that was negative becomes positive. The magnetic forces are out of alignment again, and the wheel keeps rotating. As the DC motor spins, it continually changes the flow of electricity to the inner wheel, so the magnetic forces continue to cause the wheel to rotate.
DC motors are used for a variety of purposes, including electric razors, electric car windows, and remote control cars. The simple design and reliability of a DC motor makes it a good choice for many different uses, as well as a fascinating way to study the effects of magnetic fields. Electromagnets
 
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What is MIG Welding ? you’ll see a lot in you careers !! tripping , :confused:
MIG (Metal Inert Gas) welding, also sometimes called GMAW (gas metal arc welding), is a welding process that was originally developed back in the 1940's for welding aluminium and other non-ferrous metals. MIG welding is an automatic or semi automatic process in which a wire connected to a source of direct current acts as an electrodes joins two pieces of metal, as it is continuously passed through a welding gun. A flow of an inert gas (originally Argon ) is also passed through the welding gun at the same time as the wire electrode. This inert gas acts as a shield, keeping air borne contaminants away from the weld zone.
The primary advantage of MIG welding is that it allows metal to be welded much quicker than traditional welding "stick welding" techniques. This makes it ideal for welding softer metals such as aluminum. When MIG welding was first developed, the cost of the inert gas (i.e., argon) made the process too expensive for welding steel. However, over the years, the MIG welding process has evolved and semi inert gases such as carbon dioxide can now be used to provide the shielding function which makes MIG welding cost effective for welding steel.
Besides providing the capability to weld non-ferrous metals, MIG welding has other advantages:
• It produces long continuous welds much faster than tradition welding methods.
• Since the shielding gas protects the welding arc, MIG welding produces a clean weld with very little splatter.
• The versatility of MIG welding means it can be used with a wide variety of metals and alloys
The primary disadvantages of MIG welding are:
• The welding equipment is quite complex (MIG welding requires a source of direct current, a constant source and flow of gas as well as the continuously moving wire electrode). Plus, electrodes are available in a wide range of sizes and made from a number of metal types to match the welding application.
• The actual welding technique used for MIG welding is different from traditional welding practices, so there is learning curve associated with MIG welding even for experienced welders. For example, MIG welders need to push the welding puddle away from them and along the seam.
• The necessity for the inert gas shield means that MIG welding cannot be used in an open area where the wind would blow away the gas shield.
Since it's development in the middle of last century, MIG welding has become commonplace in many manufacturing operations. For example MIG welding is commonly used in the automobile industry because of its ability to produce clean welds, and the fact that it welds metals quickly.

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION CERTIFICATES NOTES FOR FORMS 1 AND 2 : 17th Edition , :eek:

1. The Electrical Installation Certificate is to be used only for the initial certification of a new installation or for an addition or alteration to an existing installation where new circuits have been introduced.
It is not to be used for a Periodic Inspection, for which a Periodic Inspection Report form should be used. For an addition or alteration which does not extend to the introduction of new circuits, a Minor Electrical Installation Works Certificate may be used.
The "original" Certificate is to be given to the person ordering the work (Regulation 632.1). A duplicate should be retained by the contractor.
(2) This Certificate is only valid if accompanied by the Schedule of Inspections and the Schedule(s) of Test Results.
(3) The signatures appended are those of the persons authorized by the companies executing the work of design, construction, inspection and testing respectively. A signatory authorized to certify more than one category of work should sign in each of the appropriate places.
(4) The time interval recommended before the first periodic inspection must be inserted (see IEE Guidance Note 3 for guidance).
(5) The page numbers for each of the Schedules of Test Results should be indicated, together with the total number of sheets involved.
(6) The maximum prospective fault current recorded should be the greater of either the short-circuit current or the earth fault current.
(7) The proposed date for the next inspection should take into consideration the frequency and quality of maintenance that the installation can reasonably be expected to receive during its intended life, and the period should be agreed between the designer, installer and other relevant parties :

TESTING : ;)
NOTES ON SCHEDULE OF TEST RESULTS

*1 Type of supply is ascertained from the distributor or by inspection.
*2 Ze at origin. When the maximum value declared by the distributor is used, the effectiveness of the earth must be confirmed by a test. If measured the main bonding will need to be disconnected for the duration of the test.
*3 Prospective fault current (PFC). The value recorded is the greater of either the short-circuit current or the earth fault current. Preferably determined by enquiry of the distributor.
*4 Short-circuit capacity of the device is noted, see Table 7.2A of the On-Site Guide or Table 2.4 of GN3
The following tests, where relevant, shall be carried out in the following sequence:
Continuity of protective conductors, including main and supplementary bonding Every protective conductor, including main and supplementary bonding conductors, should be tested to verify that it is continuous and correctly connected.
*6 Continuity Where Test Method 1 is used, enter the measured resistance of the line conductor plus the circuit protective conductor (R1+ R2). See 10.3.1 of the On-Site Guide or 2.7.5 of GN3. During the continuity testing (Test Method 1) the following polarity checks are to be carried out: (a) every fuse and single-pole control and protective device is connected in the line conductor only (b) centre-contact bayonet and Edison screw lampholders have outer contact connected to the neutral conductor (c) wiring is correctly connected to socket-outlets and similar accessories. Compliance is to be indicated by a tick in polarity column 11.
(R1 + R2) need not be recorded if R2 is recorded in column 7.
*7 Where Test Method 2 is used, the maximum value of R2 is recorded in column 7. See 10.3.1 of the On-Site Guide or 2.7.5 of GN3.
*8 Continuity of ring final circuit conductors A test shall be made to verify the continuity of each conductor including the protective conductor of every ring final circuit. See 10.3.2 of the On-Site Guide or 2.7.6 of GN3.
*9, *10 Insulation Resistance All voltage sensitive devices to be disconnected or test between live conductors (line and neutral) connected together and earth. The insulation resistance between live conductors is to be inserted in column 9. The minimum insulation resistance values are given in Table 10.1 of the On-Site Guide or Table 2.2 of GN3. See 10.3.3(iv) of the On-Site Guide or 2.7.7 of GN3.
All the preceding tests should be carried out before the installation is energised.
*11 Polarity A satisfactory polarity test may be indicated by a tick in column 11. Only in a Schedule of Test Results associated with a Periodic Inspection Report is it acceptable to record incorrect polarity.
*12 Earth fault loop impedance Zs This may be determined either by direct measurement at the furthest point of a live circuit or by adding (R1 + R2) of column 6 to Ze. Ze is determined by measurement at the origin of the installation or preferably the value declared by the supply company used. Zs = Ze + (R1 + R2). Zs should be less than the values given in Appendix 2 of the On-Site Guide or Appx 2 of GN3.
*13 Functional testing The operation of RCDs (including RCBOs) shall be tested by simulating a fault condition, independent of any test facility in the device. Record operating time in column 13. Effectiveness of the test button must be confirmed. See Section 11 of the On-Site Guide or 2.7.15 and 2.7.18 of GN3.
*14 All switchgear and controlgear assemblies, drives, control and interlocks, etc must be operated to ensure that they are properly mounted, adjusted, and installed. Satisfactory operation is indicated by a tick in column 14.
Earth electrode resistance The earth electrode resistance of TT installations must be measured, and normally an RCD is required. For reliability in service the resistance of any earth electrode should be below 200 Ω. Record the value on Form 1, 2 or 6, as appropriate. See 10.3.5 of the On-Site Guide or 2.7.12 of GN3.
 
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GUIDANCE FOR RECIPIENTS :rolleyes:
This safety Certificate has been issued to confirm that the electrical installation work to which it relates has been designed, constructed, inspected and tested in accordance with British Standard 7671 (the IEE Wiring Regulations).
You should have received an "original" Certificate and the contractor should have retained a duplicate. If you were the person ordering the work, but not the owner of the installation, you should pass this Certificate, or a full copy of it including the schedules, immediately to the owner.
The Certificate should be retained in a safe place and be shown to any person inspecting or undertaking further work on the electrical installation in the future. If you later vacate the property, this Certificate will demonstrate to the new owner that the electrical installation complied with the requirements of British Standard 7671 at the time the Certificate was issued. The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations require that for a project covered by those Regulations, a copy of this Certificate, together with schedules is included in the project health and safety documentation.
For safety reasons, the electrical installation will need to be inspected at appropriate intervals by a competent person. The maximum time interval recommended before the next inspection is stated on Page 1 under "Next Inspection".
This Certificate is intended to be issued only for a new electrical installation or for new work associated with an addition or alteration or to an existing installation. It should not have been issued for the inspection of an existing electrical installation. A "Periodic Inspection Report" should be issued for such an inspection.
The Certificate is only valid if a Schedule of Inspections and Schedule of Test Results are appended : Page 2 of (note 5) ,

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION CERTIFICATE GUIDANCE FOR RECIPIENTS (to be appended to the Certificate)
This safety Certificate has been issued to confirm that the electrical installation work to which it relates has been designed, constructed, inspected and tested in accordance with British Standard 7671 (the IEE Wiring Regulations).
You should have received an "original" Certificate and the contractor should have retained a duplicate. If you were the person ordering the work, but not the owner of the installation, you should pass this Certificate, or a full copy of it including the schedules, immediately to the owner.
The Certificate should be retained in a safe place and be shown to any person inspecting or undertaking further work on the electrical installation in the future. If you later vacate the property, this Certificate will demonstrate to the new owner that the electrical installation complied with the requirements of British Standard 7671 at the time the Certificate was issued. The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations require that for a project covered by those Regulations, a copy of this Certificate, together with schedules is included in the project health and safety documentation.
For safety reasons, the electrical installation will need to be inspected at appropriate intervals by a competent person. The maximum time interval recommended before the next inspection is stated on Page 1 under "Next Inspection".
This Certificate is intended to be issued only for a new electrical installation or for new work associated with an addition or alteration to an existing installation. It should not have been issued for the inspection of an existing electrical installation. A "Periodic Inspection Report" should be issued for such a periodic inspection.
The Certificate is only valid if a Schedule of Inspections and Schedule of Test Results are appended :

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION CERTIFICATE GUIDANCE FOR RECIPIENTS (to be appended to the Certificate)
This safety Certificate has been issued to confirm that the electrical installation work to which it relates has been designed, constructed, inspected and tested in accordance with British Standard 7671 (the IEE Wiring Regulations).
You should have received an "original" Certificate and the contractor should have retained a duplicate. If you were the person ordering the work, but not the owner of the installation, you should pass this Certificate, or a full copy of it including the schedules, immediately to the owner.
The Certificate should be retained in a safe place and be shown to any person inspecting or undertaking further work on the electrical installation in the future. If you later vacate the property, this Certificate will demonstrate to the new owner that the electrical installation complied with the requirements of British Standard 7671 at the time the Certificate was issued. The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations require that for a project covered by those Regulations, a copy of this Certificate, together with schedules is included in the project health and safety documentation.
For safety reasons, the electrical installation will need to be inspected at appropriate intervals by a competent person. The maximum time interval recommended before the next inspection is stated on Page 1 under "Next Inspection".
This Certificate is intended to be issued only for a new electrical installation or for new work associated with an addition or alteration to an existing installation. It should not have been issued for the inspection of an existing electrical installation. A "Periodic Inspection Report" should be issued for such a periodic inspection.
The Certificate is only valid if a Schedule of Inspections and Schedule of Test Results are appended :

NOTES ON COMPLETION OF MINOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION WORKS CERTIFICATE ;)
Scope
The Minor Works Certificate is intended to be used for additions and alterations to an installation that do not extend to the provision of a new circuit. Examples include the addition of socket-outlets or lighting points to an existing circuit, the relocation of a light switch etc. This Certificate may also be used for the replacement of equipment such as accessories or luminaires, but not for the replacement of distribution boards or similar items. Appropriate inspection and testing, however, should always be carried out irrespective of the extent of the work undertaken.
Part 1 Description of minor works
1,2 The minor works must be so described that the work that is the subject of the certification can be readily identified.
4 See Regulations 120.3 and 120.4. No departures are to be expected except in most unusual circumstances. See also Regulation 633.1.
Part 2 Installation details
2 The method of fault protection must be clearly identified e.g. earthed equipotential bonding and automatic disconnection of supply using fuse/circuit-breaker/RCD.
4 If the existing installation lacks either an effective means of earthing or adequate main equipotential bonding conductors, this must be clearly stated. See Regulation 633.2.
Recorded departures from BS 7671 may constitute non-compliance with the Electricity Safety, quality and continuity Regulations 2002 (as amended) or the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989. It is important that the client is advised immediately in writing.
Part 3 Essential Tests
The relevant provisions of Part 6 (Inspection and Testing) of BS 7671 must be applied in full to all minor works. For example, where a socket-outlet is added to an existing circuit it is necessary to:
1 establish that the earthing contact of the socket-outlet is connected to the main earthing terminal
2 measure the insulation resistance of the circuit that has been added to, and establish that it complies with Table 61 of BS 7671
3 measure the earth fault loop impedance to establish that the maximum permitted disconnection time is not exceeded
4 check that the polarity of the socket-outlet is correct
5 (if the work is protected by an RCD) verify the effectiveness of the RCD.
Part 4 Declaration
1,3 The Certificate shall be made out and signed by a competent person in respect of the design, construction, inspection and testing of the work.
1,3 The competent person will have a sound knowledge and experience relevant to the nature of the work undertaken and to the technical standards set down in BS 7671, be fully versed in the inspection and testing procedures contained in the Regulations and employ adequate testing equipment.
2 When making out and signing a form on behalf of a company or other business entity, individuals shall state for whom they are acting.
 
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